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Ecosystem > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Lenntech, 2020

human population growth is one of the driving forces behind ___________________________

A

human population growth is one of the driving forces behind all these environmental problems, because the growing population demands more and more resources

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2
Q

Evolution of modern humans

A

Modern humans evolved from archaic humans primarily in East Africa

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3
Q

Evidence of modern human evolution

A

195,000 year old fossil from the Omo 1 in Ethiopia
shows the beginnings of the skull changes that we associate with modern people, including a rounded skull case and possibly a projecting chin.

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4
Q

When did humans begin to migrate?

A

Humans began migrating 100,000 years ago.

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5
Q

What was the population 200,000 years ago (BC)

A

1 million

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6
Q

What was the population during the starting year 1 (AD)?

A

170 million

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7
Q

When plotted, J-shaped graph indicates ______

A

exponential growth in population

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8
Q

the number of people increases at a fixed percentage per unit of time

A

exponential growth

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9
Q

How do you think did human population grow faster? (3+1)

A

Industrial Revolution (great advances in science and technology)

(1) increase in food production and distribution
(2) improvement in public health (water and sanitation)
(3) inventions of medical technology (vaccines and
antibiotics)
(4) Births significantly outpace deaths on average.

along with gains in education and standards of living within
many developing nations.

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10
Q

What is the projected human population in 2100?

A

11 billion was the projected population by 2100 if the
population continues to increase by the same rate per unit of time.

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11
Q

What does it mean by leveling off of the human population?

A

human population will steadily grow fewer.

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12
Q

When plotted, S-shaped graph indicates ______

A

leveling off in population

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13
Q

What are the possible effects of the human population growth? (3)

A

(1) outstrip the resources
(2) poverty
(3) widespread environmental damage

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14
Q

What decisions should humans do to slow down population growth?

A

family planning

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15
Q

Effect of leveling off in population

A

reduced consumption of the Earth’s resources

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16
Q

Scientific study of human populations

A

Demography

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17
Q

Human population of countries and cities grow or decline through the interplay of _________ (3)

A

(1) births (fertility)
(2) deaths (mortality)
(3) migration (immigration and emigration)

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18
Q

Population change equation

A

(birth + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)

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19
Q

number of live births in 1 year per 1,000 people in the population

A

birth rate

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20
Q

number of children born to a woman during her lifetime

A

fertility rate

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21
Q

Types of fertility rate (2)

A

Replacement-level fertility rate
Total fertility rate

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22
Q

average number of children that couples in a population must bear to replace themselves

A

replacement-level fertility rate

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23
Q

average number of children born to women in a population during their reproductive years

A

total fertility rate

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24
Q

net number of people added to a population in 1 year per 1000 people in the population

A

population growth rate

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24
Q

Legend

A

P0 = starting population (year zero)
Pn = ending population (after n)
n = number of intervals (between P0 and Pn)

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25
Q

Absolute change equation

A

Pn - P0

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26
Q

Percentage change

A

(Pn - P0 / P0) x 100

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27
Q

Average annual increase

A

Pn - P0 / n

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28
Q

Arithmetic growth rate

A

(Pn - P0 / n) / P0

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29
Q

measurement of the number of people in an area
calculated by dividing the number of people by the area of the land
(people / km2)

A

population density

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30
Q

spread of people across the world

A

population distribution

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31
Q

True of False

A

The world as a whole has more empty areas than crowded areas

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32
Q

Factors affecting the distribution of the population (3 physical & 3 human)

A

PHYSICAL
Topography (high: low land coz flat / low: high land - mountainous)
Resources (high: rich in resources / low: few resources)
Climate (high: temperate climates / low: extreme climates)
HUMAN
Political (high: stable government / low: unstable government)
Social (high: close to each other for security / low: far-flung - isolated)
Economic (high: good job opportunities / low: limited job opportunities)

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33
Q

Age and Sex structure is produced by

A

the interaction between fertility, mortality, migration, and growth

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34
Q

a snapshot of a population in time

A

population pyramid

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35
Q

Types of Population Pyramid (3)

A

Expansive
Constrictive
Stationary

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36
Q

shape: broad base that narrows towards the apex (high br / low dr)
A & S: more young / less old
social: pressure on education and healthcare infrastructure
political: high demand for policies (ex 1 child policy)
economic: low quality

A

Expansive Population Pyramid (shape, A&S, implications)

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37
Q

shape: beehive
A & S: more old and mid-age / few young (higher dr on male than female)
social: increased social isolation
political: competition for resources / improvement of healthcare benefits for the aged
economic: decrease in labor force

A

Constrictive Population Pyramid (shape, A&S, implications)

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38
Q

shape: rectangular (equilibrium in br and dr)
A & S: equally distributed (there is a youth bulge)
social: risk of violence
political: instability
economic: high unemployment rate

A

Stationary Population Pyramid (shape, A&S, implications)

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39
Q

relatively large increase in the number and proportion of a country’s population of youthful age

A

youth bulge

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40
Q

communities of organism living together in combination with their physical environment

A

ecosystem

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41
Q

consists of all the populations of all the species that live together in a particular area

A

community

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42
Q

Difference between ecosystem and community

A

an ecosystem includes the physical environment, while a community does not

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43
Q

True or False

A

a community is the biotic, or living, component of an ecosystem

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44
Q

Components of an ecosystem (2)

A

Biotic - living things
Abiotic - physical environment

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45
Q

study of interactions between living organisms and their biotic and abiotic environments

A

ecology

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46
Q

Types of ecosystems (3)

A

freshwater
ocean water
terrestrial

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47
Q

large group of ecosystems that share certain characteristics (ex. dessert and forest)

A

biomes

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48
Q

True or False

A

Energy flows through the system—usually from light to heat—while matter is recycled.

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49
Q

True or False

A

Ecosystems with higher biodiversity tend to be more stable with greater resistance and resilience in the face of disturbances and disruptive events.

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50
Q

Influences on basic physiological processes (11)

A

weather
earth
sun
soil
climate
atmosphere
ambient temperature
humidity
moisture
concentration of O2 and CO2
light intensity

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51
Q

Resources for which organisms compete include (4)

A

organic material from living or previously living
organisms
sunlight
mineral nutrients

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52
Q

Critical factors influencing community dynamics - both physical and geographical (4)

A

habitat’s latitude
amount of rainfall
topography (elevation)
available species

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53
Q

Ocean Ecosystems - most common 75% (3)

A

shallow ocean
deep ocean water
deep ocean surfaces

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54
Q

What supports deep ocean surfaces?

A

plankton and krill

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55
Q

Performs 40 percent of all photosynthesis on Earth

A

phytoplankton

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56
Q

Freshwater Ecosystems - rarest 1.8% (4)

A

lakes
rivers
streams
springs

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57
Q

Freshwater ecosystems support a variety of _________ (7)

A

fish
amphibians
reptiles
insects
phytoplankton
fungi
bacteria

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58
Q

Terrestrial Ecosystems are grouped into large categories called ______, based largely on __________

A

biomes; climate

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59
Q

Terrestrial biomes (6)

A

tropical rain forests
savannas
desserts
coniferous forests
deciduous forests
tundra

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60
Q

Environmental processes caused by human activities (8)

A

human agricultural practices
air pollution
acid rain
global deforestation
overfishing
eutrophication
oil spills
illegal dumping on land and into the ocean

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61
Q

large group of ecosystems that share certain characteristics (ex. dessert and forest)

A

equilibrium

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62
Q

2 parameters used to measure changes in ecosystem

A

resistance - ability of an ecosystem to remain at equilibrium in spite of disturbances
resilience - speed at which an ecosystem recovers equilibrium after being disturbed

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63
Q

Levels of organization of matter (atoms - biosphere)

A

organisms
population
communities
ecosystems
biosphere

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64
Q

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same place at the same time

A

population

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65
Q

Variation in a population

A

genetic diversity

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66
Q

place where a population or an individual organism normally lives

A

habitat

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67
Q

consists of all the populations of different species that live in a particular place

A

community

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68
Q

True or False

A

Matter and energy move from one ecosystem to another

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69
Q

consists of the parts of the earth’s air, water, and soil where life is found

A

biosphere

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70
Q

A community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy.

A

ecosystem

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71
Q

An individual living being

A

organism

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72
Q

The fundamental structural and functional unit of life.

A

cell

73
Q

Chemical combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements.

A

molecule

74
Q

smallest unit of a chemical element that exhibits it

A

atom

75
Q

True or False

A

atoms
molecules
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems

76
Q

2 types of metabolism

A

photosynthesis - energy from sun converted to chemical energy in food
cellular respiration - chemical energy in molecules taken in as food

77
Q

self-propelled movement

A

motility

78
Q

movement toward or away from chemicals

A

chemotaxis

79
Q

movement toward or away from light

A

phototaxis

80
Q

2 types of responsiveness

A

positive response - toward a stimulus
negative response - away from a stimulus

81
Q

reproduction of single-celled organisms

A

duplication of their DNA
equal division as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells

82
Q

reproduction of multicellular organisms

A

production of specialized reproductive germline cells
formation of new individuals

83
Q

True or False

A

Organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded for by their genes.

84
Q

the transmission of genetic characters from parents to offspring

A

heredity

85
Q

the units of inheritance that control an organism’s trait

A

genes

86
Q

descent with modification (based on changes in the frequencies of genes within populations
over time)

A

evolution

87
Q

ability to maintain internal conditions within a narrow range almost constantly, despite environmental changes

A

homeostasis

88
Q

regulation of body temperature

A

thermoregulation

89
Q

Characteristics that define life (10)

A

order
responsiveness
reproduction
development
motility
heredity
evolution
adaptation
homeostasis
metabolism

90
Q

Specific structures, behaviors, and abilities suit life- forms to their environment.

A

adaptation

91
Q

Populations of organisms change over time, acquiring new ways to survive, to obtain and use energy, and to reproduce

A

evolution

92
Q

Ordered sequences of progressive changes result in an individual acquiring increased complexity

A

development

93
Q

Organisms perceive the environment and react to it.

A

responsiveness

94
Q

Each structure or activity lies in a specific relationship to all other structures and activities

A

order

95
Q

Organized chemical steps break down and build up molecules making energy available or building needed parts.

A

metabolism

96
Q

the smallest and most fundamental structural and functional units of life

A

cell

97
Q

a cell surrounded by a membrane and has a distinct nucleus (a membrane-bounded structure containing genetic material in the form of DNA) and several other internal parts called organelles

A

eukaryotic cell

98
Q

a cell surrounded by a membrane, but it has no distinct nucleus and no other internal parts surrounded by membranes

A

prokaryotic cell (all bacteria)

99
Q

Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt

A

considered the universe as one interacting entity

100
Q

4 main spherical systems

A

atmosphere (air)
hydrosphere (water)
geosphere (rock, soil, sediment)
biosphere (living things)

101
Q

thin spherical envelope of gases surrounding the earth’s surface

A

atmosphere

102
Q

inner layer of the atmosphere

A

troposphere (majority of the air that we breathe

103
Q

they trap heat and thus warm the lower atmosphere

A

greenhouse gases

104
Q

above the Earth’s surface - its lower portion contains enough ozone (O3) gas to filter out most of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation

A

stratosphere

105
Q

consists of all of the water on or near the earth’s surface

A

hydrosphere

106
Q

consists of the earth’s intensely hot core, a thick mantle composed mostly of rock, and a thin outer crust

A

geosphere

107
Q

3 factors sustaining the Earth’s life

A

one-way flow of high-quality energy from the sun (-through living things in their feeding interactions, into the environment as low-quality energy, and eventually back into space as heat)
cycling of matter or nutrients (-through parts of the biosphere / ex. atoms, ions, and compounds needed for survival by living organisms)
gravity (allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and helps to enable the movement and cycling of chemicals through the air, water, soil, and organisms)

108
Q

True or False

A

Biotic factors also include dead organisms, dead parts of organisms, and the
waste products of organisms.

109
Q

Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance.

A

Limiting factor principle

110
Q

common limiting factor on land

A

precipitation

111
Q

feeding level depending on its source of food or nutrients

A

trophic level

112
Q

autotrophic members of the ecosystem - green plants (capable of synthesizing food from the nonliving simple inorganic compounds)

A

producers
ex. phytoplankton, algae

113
Q

heterotrophic organisms which are called as macro consumers or phagotrophs (consume the producers directly or indirectly)

A

consumers

114
Q

primary consumers - solely feed upon vegetation or plants

A

herbivores

115
Q

secondary consumers - feed upon the herbivorous animals

A

primary carnivores / omnivores

116
Q

third-level (highest) consumers - feed on the flesh of other carnivores

A

carnivores (biophages)

117
Q

micro-organisms (bacteria and molds) of the ecosystem - feed upon dead decaying living organisms (both plants and animals) and break them into simpler compounds

A

decomposers

118
Q

feed on the wastes or dead bodies of other organisms

A

detritivores (scavengers)

119
Q

sequence of organisms, each of which serves as a source of food or energy for the
next

A

food chain

120
Q

a complex network of interconnected food chains

A

food web

121
Q

True or False

A

only energy storied as biomass can get eaten

121
Q

10% rule of energy transfer

A

only about 10% of the energy that’s stored as biomass in one trophic level—per unit time—ends up stored as biomass in the next trophic level—per the same unit time

122
Q

amount, or mass, of living organic material

A

biomass

123
Q

the rate at which an ecosystem’s producers convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass found in their tissues

A

gross primary productivity (GPP)

124
Q

how to measure GPP

A

energy production per unit area over a given time span
kilocalories per square meter per year
(kcal/m2/yr)

125
Q

rate at which producers use photosynthesis to produce and store chemical energy minus the rate at which they use some of this stored chemical energy through aerobic respiration

A

net primary productivity (NPP)

126
Q

NPP equation

A

NPP = GPP - R (R is energy used in respiration)

127
Q

NPP measures _________

A

how fast producers can provide the chemical energy stored in their tissue that is potentially available to other organisms (consumers) in an ecosystem

128
Q

NPP on land

A

generally decreases from the equator toward the poles because the amount of solar radiation available to terrestrial plant producers is highest at the equator and lowest at the poles

129
Q

NPP in the ocean

A

highest NPP: estuaries (high inputs of plant nutrients flow from nutrient-laden rivers, which also stir up nutrients in bottom sediments)
low NPP: open ocean (because of lack of nutrients, except at occasional areas where an upwelling brings nutrients in bottom sediments to the surface

130
Q

3 fundamental aspects of productivity

A

standing crop
material removed
production rate

131
Q

continuous movement of elements and compounds that make up nutrients through air, water, soil, rock, and living organisms in ecosystems and in the biosphere cycles

A

biogeochemical cycles (nutrient cycles)

132
Q

the most important cycles in ecosystems involve ________ (5) driven directly or indirectly by _______ (6)

A

water
carbon
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulfur

incoming solar energy and gravity
include the hydrologic (water) cycles
carbon cycles
nitrogen cycles
phosphorus cycles
sulfur cycles

133
Q

2 elements that make up water

A

oxygen and hydrogen

134
Q

water that falls to Earth’s surface

A

precipitation

135
Q

For precipitation to occur, water vapor must ________

A

condense

136
Q

Water returns to the atmosphere when heated, changing back into vapor, a process called ________

A

evaporation

137
Q

Plants release water vapor through a process called _____

A

transpiration

138
Q

3 major ways of water alteration

A

(1) withdrawal of large quantities of freshwater from streams, lakes, and underground sources
(2) we clear vegetation from land for
agriculture, mining, road building, and other activities
(3) increasing flooding

139
Q

Most precipitation falling on terrestrial ecosystems becomes __________

A

surface runoff

140
Q

How does surface runoff continue the hydrologic cycle? (2)

A

(1) water flows into streams and lakes, which eventually carry water back to the oceans, from which it can evaporate to repeat the cycle
(2) some also seeps into the upper layer of soils and some evaporates from soil, lakes, and streams back into the atmosphere

141
Q

Some water combine with _________ during photosynthesis to produce high-energy organic compounds such as _________

A

carbon dioxide; carbohydrates

142
Q

Consumers get their water from ______ (2)

A

(1) their food
(2) by drinking it

143
Q

How is water the primary sculptor of the earth’s landscape?

A

Surface runoff replenishes streams and lakes, but also causes soil erosion, which moves soil and rock fragments from one place to another.

144
Q

Plants use carbon dioxide to produce sugar—a process called __________

A

photosynthesis

144
Q

_________ are carbon compounds that are important building blocks in food and all living matter

A

sugars

144
Q

To release the energy in food, organisms break down the carbon compounds—a process called __________

A

respiration

144
Q

True or False

A

Buried deposits of dead plant matter and bacteria are compressed between layers of sediment, where high pressure and heat convert them to carbon-containing fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

144
Q

2 ways in which humans intervene in the earth’s carbon cycle by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere

A

(1) in some areas, especially in tropical forests, we clear
trees and other plants, which absorb CO2 through photo synthesis, faster than they can grow back
(2) we add large amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere by burning carbon-containing fossil fuels and wood

144
Q

The element found in all living things

A

carbon

144
Q

The hydrologic cycle can be viewed as a cycle of natural renewal of water quality, how so?

A

Because water dissolves many nutrient compounds, it is a major medium for transporting nutrients within and between ecosystems.

144
Q
A
145
Q
A
146
Q

refers to water that fills pores and cracks in rock and soil layers beneath the Earth’s surface

replenishes through infiltration of surface water and is discharged through springs, wells, or seeps into bodies of water

A

groundwater

147
Q

the process by which liquid water transforms into a gas (water vapor) due to heat from the sun

main driver of the water cycle, initiating the movement of water into the atmosphere

A

evaporation

148
Q

Similar to evaporation, releases water vapor into the air, but specifically from plants

helps regulate plant temperature and water transport

A

transporation

149
Q

not directly part of the water cycle, but contributes water vapor to the atmosphere as a byproduct

A

respiration

150
Q

Once water evaporates or transpires, it becomes an invisible gas dispersed in the atmosphere.

acts as a greenhouse gas, and forms the basis for clouds and precipitation

A

water vapor in air

151
Q

As water vapor rises in the atmosphere, it cools and condenses around tiny particles like dust and salt, forming clouds

the opposite of evaporation and is essential for returning water to the Earth’s surface

A

condensation

152
Q

When condensed water droplets in clouds become too heavy to stay suspended, they fall back to Earth in various forms like rain, snow, sleet, or hail

A

precipitation

153
Q

This refers to the flow of water across land surfaces due to gravity. It can be caused by precipitation, melted snow or ice, or the release of groundwater

A

Runoff

154
Q

the temporary capture and storage of precipitation (mainly rain or snow) by vegetation, structures, and other surfaces before reaching the ground

A

interception

155
Q

refers to the process where water on the land surface, mainly from precipitation, soaks down into the soil and rock layers

A

infiltration

156
Q

the downward movement of water through the soil and rock layers after it has infiltrate

the process by which water travels deeper into the ground, eventually reaching the water table

A

percolation

157
Q

where does the carbon cycle mainly revolve (5)

A

(1) atmosphere
(2) terrestrial biosphere
(3) earth’s interior
(4) ocean
(5) human influence

158
Q

2 ways in which carbon is found in the atmosphere

A

carbon dioxide and methane

159
Q

living organisms require sulfure to create ___________

A

protein

160
Q

sulfur reserves are found in the __________ and are released by ________

A

lithosphere; weathering

161
Q

we need nitrogen in our DNA to create _______

A

protein

162
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

nitrogen + oxygen + ammonia

163
Q

nitrification

A

ammonia + oxygen from bacteria = nitrite

164
Q

what form of nitrogen can be absorbed by plants and through what process

A

nitrate; assimilation

165
Q

the process of bacteria taking nitrogen from dead animals or wastes

A

ammonification

166
Q

the steps in nitrogen cycle (5)

A

fixation, ammonification nitrification, denitrification, sedimentation

167
Q

phosphorous - rich runoff causes___________

A

production of hug populations of algae - which can be toxic once they die

168
Q

photosynthesis formula

A

carbon dioxide + wate + solar energy to glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O + solar energy to C6H12O6 + 6CO2

169
Q

chemosynthesis

A

he process by which food is made by bacteria or other living things using chemicals as the energy source, typically in the absence of sunlight

170
Q

aerobic respiration formula

A

glucose + oxygen to carbon dioxide + water + energy

171
Q

PRB

A

Population Reference Bureau

172
Q

the world’s population could swell to __________ by 2050

A

9.9 billion

173
Q

biogeochemical process that doesn’t involve the atmosphere

A

phosphorous cycle

Ecosystem (2 decks)

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