Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

soviet union > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

pale of settlement

A

an area in the western russian empire that was were jewish people were forced to live in the empire from 1791 to 1917. they were forbidden from living outside of this area and faced discrimination even within the pale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

tatars

A

turkic speaking muslims that lived more east-ward in the empire, along the volga river. got along well with ethnic russians.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

peasantry

A

the backbone of russia. made up majority of the population and was the dominant culture before urbanization. lived effectively as slaves (serfdom) until 1861 when serfdom was abolished. however, very little changed with this decree.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

peasantry commune/mir/obshchina

A

how the peasants lived. in villages built along one street (dirt road). they lived collectively, everything for everyone. spoke basically a different type of russian. lived in identical homes. very strong gender divisions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

autocracy

A

in russia, this was the romanov dynasty, run by the tsars. live better than anyone else and are miles away from the population in terms of way of life and representation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

intelligentsia

A

what: a way of life/institution caused by uneven industrialization. they see themselves as the saviors of russia and believe it is up to them to fix the country. they were alienated and radical from the rest of the country
who: intelligent and educated elite; students, lawyers, etc. they talked a certain way, much like peasants do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

populism/narodniki

A

a movement in the 1860s and 1870s to spread political propaganda among the peasants. they believed it would lead to the awakening of them and begin the downfall of tsar. pushed by certain members of the intelligentsia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bloody sunday

A
  1. peaceful march by russians in which tsar military fired upon them and hundreds die.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

soviets

A

workers committees that govern for themselves as tsar government is useless. each city has one, begin cropping up in 1905.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

february revolution

A

winter of 1916-1917 was bad even for russia. no fuel, no food, trains could not move, etc. february 23rd sees women take to the streets. next day men join in. spirals fast, in two days there are 200,000 on strike. soldiers mutiny, and tsar nicholas ii abdicates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

dual power

A

a system of government between the provisional government (duma) and the soviets. provisional government takes hold and allows the people to decide what to do. the soviets are there to keep provisional government in check and keep the tsar from returning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

order no 1

A
  1. an order issued by the pretrograd soviet. told soldiers to obey their officers but only if the officers agreed with the soviets. gives military power to one half of dual system.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

leninism

A

lenin’s version of marxism. proposes a dictatorship of the proletariat led by the vanguard party as a prelude to full fledged communism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

vanguard party

A

a political party made up of the politically wise proletariat, that helps to advance the objectives of communism. key part of leninism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

april theses

A

april 1917. a speech given by lenin that called for all power to the soviets. coins the slogan: peace, land, and bread. peace=end the war, land=land for peasants, bread=no more famine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

kerensky offensive

A
  1. a big offensive that goes really poorly for russia. 200k casualties for basically nothing. helps to sway a lot of troops toward bolsheviks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

schism of 1903

A

a split in the party between the mensheviks (meaning minority) and bolsheviks (meaning majority). this is caused by lenin and his bolsheviks (bolsheviks actually has very small numbers at the time but were uncompromising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

kornilov affair

A
  1. lavr kornilov was the chief of the military, appointed by kerensky (head of provisional government). attempts a right wing coup to pacify petrograd. fails and is a massive political victory for the bolsheviks. after this they are actually a majority
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

peace of brest-litovsk

A
  1. the peace treaty that gets russia out of wwi. comes at a painful cost and russia loses hella land, industrial capability, and population. the people are not happy about this, a bog root for the coming civil war
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

october revolution

A

october 24th 1917. essentially the end of the russian revolution. bolshevik party takes bunch of key buildings and surround the provisional government bloodless and puts bolsheviks in control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

constituent assembly

A

an actual democratic body in russia. in this, the bolsheviks are the minority. opening speech (by a bolshevik) calls for communism and then the speech ends with the closing of the constituent assembly actually works. the bolsheviks have essentially taken power by saying so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

red terror and the cheka

A

september 1918. a formal policy in which the reds were to make opposition cease to exist. enforced by the cheka (secret police). 8k executed without trail. no concern for collateral, nobody was safe from this really

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the white terror

A

during the civil war, whites killed basically any member of the working class. lots of violence against peasants as well. whites also take all the food and land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

russian civil war

A

1917-1923. reds (communists) vs (whites (monarchists, mensheviks, anyone who didn’t like bolsheviks). a brutal war, 10 million die. destroys the working class and industrial base of russia. towards the end of the war, around 1921, sees a famine, another 5 million dead

23
Q

ban on factions

A
  1. the bolsheviks ban factions out of fear of opposition within the party
24
Q

new economic policy (nep)

A

1921-1928, diet capitalism on russia. basically the country had to get its money up before converting to a planned economy. to do this, the peasants and working class have to be on the same page, so a lot of capitalist practices are allowed for peasants. they are allowed to own land and sell their surplus. creates a merchant class for a bit but lenin claims it is all temporary

25
Q

teremin

A

a crazy instrument that allows you to make music by waving your hand in radio waves or something. part of wider cultural expansion during the 20s

26
Q

nativization (korenizatsiia)

A

a policy in the early soviet union. integration of non-russian nationalities into governments of their own specific soviet

27
Q

imperialism

A

a policy of extending a countries economic, socio-political, military aspects on another area, whether by economic or militaristic methods

28
Q

zhenotdel

A

womens department of the communist party in the soviet union from 1919 to 1930. worked strongly to promote equality for women

29
Q

nationalist in form, socialist in practice

A

when the russians were putting nationalities into their own soviets, it was a nationalist kind of thing (goes against marx). this was the line used when bringing the many cultures into the ussr

30
Q

kronstadt rebellion

A

march 1921. once pro-bolshevik kronstadt sailors rebel. it was caused by the power going to the party rather than the soviets. rebellion put down by red soldiers, disaster to the ideology, nobody hears about this

31
Q

sovnarkom

A

the council of people’s commissars. just ministers with a different title. not wanted but deemed necessary for running a country. some of these ministers are ideologically suspect

32
Q

nikolai bukharin

A

a young star on the bolshevik party. a very talented theorist who was liked by everyone. helped to create the lenin cult. eventually purged from the party, but returns. is then executed in a show trial by stalin

33
Q

politburo

A

the top echelon of the party. 7 members collective

34
Q

united opposition

A

led by trotsky, zinoviev, and kamenev, but it was more than them. a political group that was very far left, and allied against the more center stalin. called for the end of the nep. rendered null and void with stalin moving its members around/out of the party

35
Q

socialism in one country

A

continuation of united opposition. basically, after stalin gets rid of the united opposition, he switches to far left ideals (similar to uo) and turns against bukharin. the term basically meant “now or never for socialism”

36
Q

5 year plan

A

stalin’s plan to industrialize russia in 5 years. they forced the peasantry to collectivize and begin rapid industrialization of the cities. goes very well for the cities. however, this is all dont at the expense of the peasants. collectivization sees a lot of death and starvation in a countryside, while cities remain relatively untouched and do not see what happens to peasants

37
Q

magnitogorsk

A
  1. a city, purpose-built, to produce steel. it is built and indeed produces, but it is rushed and living conditions are akin to living in hell. also sees foreign investment and involvement to help the facotries get built
38
Q

kulak

A

a peasant who had more than others. this is an extremely loose definition, and kulaks were imprisoned and killed by ussr on a mass scale. in actuality, a kulak was really anyone who did not want to be part of collectivization

39
Q

kolkhoz

A

the name for the collective farms peasants were forced to work on

40
Q

holodomor

A

1932-1933. a ukrainian famine that killed millions. a man-made famine caused by forced collectivization, which led to a breakdown in the rural economy (the famine touched any grain growing region but it affected ukraine the most)

41
Q

the congress of victors

A
  1. a big celebration of the victories of collectivization. gave thanks to the party and stalin. this is where stalin begin to really run the show. event is run by sergei kirov. in the conference: old purged bolsheviks are allowed to speak and apologize, some are let back into the party
42
Q

sergei kirov

A

an old bolshevik and personal friend of stalin. high up in the party and even sat on the politburo. began to stand up to stalin and garner power. conveniently shot in the head outside the smolny institute in 1934

43
Q

leonid nikolayev

A

assassin of kirov. interestingly, a total nobody

44
Q

nkvd

A

stalin’s secret police and the successor to the cheka. kill a lot of people. multiple leaders of it, who themselves were not safe from NKVD purges

45
Q

mass operations

A

the term used by the NKVD during the terror that referred to the jailing and killing of political enemies

46
Q

show trial

A

arranged trails by the ussr to try major political opponents. z and k (from united opposition) are first to go through this. both found guilty and executed. these trials were for public prestige, very public

47
Q

gulag

A

the prison system of the ussr. it was a series of labor camps throughout siberia. millions are sent here and millions die

48
Q

socialist realism

A

artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing soviet life in a positive light

49
Q

spanish civil war

A

1936-1939. fascists under francisco franco vs republicans (a conglomerate of anything left). left got thought and prayers, fascist got military support from nazi germany and fascist italy. fascists won

50
Q

molotov-ribbentrop pact

A
  1. a non-aggression pact between nazi germany and ussr. divided poland for russia and germany. fascism hates communism, and so many soviets were outraged when hearing about this treaty
51
Q

russo-finnish war/winter war

A

end of 1939-march 1940. war between finns and russia. started when russia made crazy land demands, then attacked when finland said no. despite lopsided numbers, ussr suffered far more casualties than finns. ussr wins and finland gives it some of what it wants, but it shows to hitler than soviets are weak and army sucks

52
Q

operation barbarossa

A

june 22nd, 1941. nazi invasion of soviet union. total shock to stalin, not to anyone else. begins the race war that is the eastern front

53
Q

900 days

A

refers to how leningrad was besieged by nazis for 900 days. 50% of civilians starve to death. murder (for ration cards) and cannibalism are commonplace

54
Q

battle of moscow

A

september 1941-january 1942. moscow was the end goal for barbarossa, but the city was never reached. instead, the soviets held out and begin counterattacks that will see the total encirclement german armies

55
Q

stalingrad

A

august 1942-february 1943. arguably the worst and longest battle in history. both sides suffer horrible casualties and the entire city was turned to rubble by the end. casualties for the soviets alone is over a million. however, the german 6th army was encircled and destroyed here, which was an instant tide-turner for the russians

56
Q

czech legion

A

basically a group czech soldiers that were caught behind enemy lines want to stay int the fight. bolsheviks give them passage to siberia, but can’t get them through (they don’t control the railroads at the time). allies help them get through. this serves as the pretext for the international involvement in russian civil war

soviet union (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions