Midterm

Question 1

what is tension?

Answer 1

state of stress when the particles of a material are pulled apart

Question 2

what is compression?

Answer 2

state of stress when the particles of a material are pushed together

Question 3

what is shear?

Answer 3

state of stress when the adjacent particles of a material tend to “slide” away from each other

Question 4

what is flexure?

Answer 4

when a spanning structural member experiences states of stress and “bends”

Question 5

what is torsion?

Answer 5

when a structural member experiences states of stress and “twists”

Question 6

what is dead load?

Answer 6

weight of the structure itself + the weight of all the loads permanently on it

Question 7

what is live load?

Answer 7

all other loads other than the dead load of the structure inclusive of humans, fixtures, and other non-structural elements wind, snow, and ice

Question 8

what is static load?

Answer 8

weight of the structure itself, or loads that are permanent and, or change very slowly over time

Question 9

what is dynamic load?

Answer 9

loads that change value rapidly, or are applied suddenly, are called dynamic

Question 10

what is magnitude?

Answer 10

a force that is expressed as weight, such as pounds, tons, etc. commonly it is in terms of kips which is equal to 1,000 lbs.

Question 11

what is coplanar?

Answer 11

includes all forces that act along lines that lie in the same plane

Question 12

what is foundation?

Answer 12

part of the building that is between the structure and the ground - base of a building

Question 13

what is a bearing wall?

Answer 13

as the name implies are walls that are used instead of columns to carry loads down to the foundation

Question 14

what is a column?

Answer 14

vertical structural element that carry beams, girders, floor, or roof loads down to the foundation

Question 15

what are joists?

Answer 15

multiple horizontal framing members that support a floor or roof

Question 16

what is a beam?

Answer 16

horizontal framing member that supports joists, floor and roof loads

Question 17

what is a truss?

Answer 17

a large beam made up of smaller members, usually in a triangular configuration

Question 18

what is a stereotomic structure?

Answer 18

stacking things one of top of another

Question 19

what is a tectonic structure?

Answer 19

joinery : connection between horizontal and vertical elements
i.e. skeletal frame

Question 20

what is masonry?

Answer 20

does not denote a specific material, but a type of construction where units of materials are stacked together
- Concrete block, bricks, and stone
- Typically used in old building that use load bearing walls

Question 21

what is concrete?

Answer 21

a mixture of cement, aggregates, and water

Question 22

what is elasticity?

Answer 22

property of a material to deform under loading and return to its original form

Question 23

what is plasticity?

Answer 23

materials presenting permanent deformation after subject to loading

Question 24

what is yield point?

Answer 24

point when material behaves plastically, possible warning of pending failure

Question 25

what is isotropic?

Answer 25

resistance to force does not depend on direction material is stressed

Question 26

what is anisotropic?

Answer 26

resistance to force does depend on direction material is stressed

Question 27

what is force?

Answer 27

may be defined as an action upon a body which changes, or tends to change, the state of motion of that body

Question 28

what is non-coplanar?

Answer 28

forces happening in multiple planes - 3D condition

Question 29

what is non-concurrent?

Answer 29

forces come to the ground at multiple points

Question 30

what is equilibrium?

Answer 30

when all forces acting upon a structure remain in a state of rest
- Action by forces must be resisted by a reaction

Question 31

what is a uniform load?

Answer 31

subjecting equal force over the entire length of a structural member

Question 32

what is a point load?

Answer 32

subjecting force at a specific point along the length of a structural member

Question 33

what is a bay?

Answer 33

the space between two columns

Question 34

what are cantilever beams?

Answer 34

beams that are only supported at one end

Question 35

what are arches and vaults?

Answer 35

structural elements that carry loads by developing compressive forces

Question 36

what is concurrent?

Answer 36

forces come through a singular point or meet at a single point

Question 37

what is coplanar?

Answer 37

forces happening in the same plane, two dimensional condition

Question 38

what are footings?

Answer 38

structural element that transfers building loads to the ground

Question 39

what is moment force?

Answer 39

load times the distance between the total load

Question 40

what are the three common framing techniques?

Answer 40

• shear walls
• braced frames
• rigid frames

Question 41

what is shear wall technique?

Answer 41

a form of diaphragm bracing - solid

Question 42

what are braced frames?

Answer 42

a form of “x” bracing or knee bracing, composed of a triangulated framework

Question 43

what are rigid frames?

Answer 43

when the connections at the structural framework are designed to be extra stiff so to resist lateral forces

Question 44

what are structural systems?

Answer 44

is a series of load resisting elements that are interconnected to one another composing a structural system capable of resisting vertical and horizontal forces

Question 45

What is the rule of thumb for a concrete block column?

Answer 45

16” x 16”