Midterm

Question 1

mental health treatment from pre-industrialization era

Answer 1

• mental illness was due to the supernatural
  — exorcisms confessions, drilling holes in head
• Somatogenic homors: mentale illness was a result of imbalance of 4 fluids
  — forcing patients to bleed/transfusions
• Treated as if they were animals, asylums, wealthy would attend for entertainment

Question 2

Mental health treatment enlightenment/industrialization era

Answer 2

Moral treatment (kindness & sympathy)
- improvement of surroundings
- Took down dungeons, made them into sunny rooms,
- banned physical punishment
- trouble with implementation (bc this didn’t cure patients)
-funding decreased because of civil war
- Influx of new patients = doctors desperate to find cures + treatments

Question 3

Mental health treatment heroic treatments (20th century)

Answer 3

• fever therapy: inducing a fever through infection
• insulin shock therapy: inducing low blood sugar state leading to coma
• inducing seizures through administration of metrazol
• Lobotomy: severing nerve fibers in frontal lobe
• Electroconvulsive therapy (effective)

Question 4

Fall of asylums

Answer 4

• Finding medication (Thorazine)
• effective psychotherapies
• civil rights movement: legislation encouraging outpatient care
  rights
• decreased funding of asylums
• end of civil war increased patient rights

Question 5

3 major theories of mental health illness

Answer 5

Supernatural: mental illness is caused by spirits, demons
Somatogenic: physical functions, brain damage, genetics
Psychogenic: mental function thought processes, cognitive distortions/ influence of stressful and traumatic events

Question 6

Define moral treatment & its role in the treatment of those in asylums

Answer 6

• Moral treatment: a person with a mental disorder could be helped by being treated with kindness & sympathy and in a clean, comfortable environment that provides room for growth, for social activity…
• surroundings can be improved
• take down dungeons
• Banned physical punishment

Question 7

Components of a neuron

Answer 7

Nucleus
Dendrites
Soma (cell body)
Axon terminals
Myelin sheaths
Axon

Question 8

Components of synapse + signals used for communication in neuron

Answer 8

Synapse = area of connection between neurons
Neurotransmitters = chemicals
- Electrical signal is sent through first neuron
- Converted to chemical signal where neurotransmitters are released from first neuron and land on the receptor of second

Question 9

Major areas of brain

Answer 9

• Cerebrum
  
  • hemispheres
  • basal ganglia
  • diencephalon
• Brain stem
  -midbrain
  -pons
  -medulla
  -Cerebellum

Question 10

Cerebrum

Answer 10

• hemispheres
• basal ganglia
• diencephalon

Question 11

Hemispheres + function

Answer 11

-frontal lobe: executive function, motor, language
-parietal: sensory, taste
-temporal: memory, auditory, emotion
-occipital: visual

Question 12

Basal ganglia (motor feedback)

Answer 12

• Group of gray matter nuclei in subcortical area (brainstem)
  -Important for movement
  -Receives information from cortex+ provide feedback to cortex via thalamus

Question 13

Diencephalon (thalamus + hypothalamus)

Answer 13

-thalamus [sensory relay (receives information from parts of brain + relays back to cortex)]
- hypothalamus [Regulates autonomic nervous system (fight or flight) + hormones (sex + growth hormones, breast milk, perinatal hormones)]
- four Fs
- fighting
-fleeting
-feeding
-fornication

Question 14

Brain stem

Answer 14

Important for consciousness, respiration, cranial nerves (sensory & motor functions)

Question 15

Cerebellum

Answer 15

Motor feedback, balance, coordination (part of brain affected by alcohol
Works to fine tune our movements

Question 16

Parts of brain stem + function

Answer 16

• midbrain: primary site of reticular activating system (RAS)— crucial for alertness and consciousness
• pons- facial movements, hearing, balance
• medulla- vital for setting the pace of respirations

Question 17

Limbic system

Answer 17

Emotional center
Fear, anger & sexual feelings

Question 18

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 18

What the body does to medication (adme)

• absorption
• distribution
• metabolism
• excretion

Question 19

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 19

What the medication does to the body

Question 20

Ligands

Answer 20

Agonism- ligand binds to receptor & triggers effect
Antagonism - ligand binds to receptor & blocks effect
Partial agonism-bind w/ agonistic effect but triggers a smaller effect

Question 21

Absorption

Answer 21

• How drug goes from out to inside body
• orally ingested-
  digestive tract-> absorbed into lipid layer -> hepatic portal circulation -> pitstop at liver, first pass metabolism before systemic circulation
• intravenously through IV
  directly into systemic circulation