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Water Resources > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Q (groundwater flow) =

A

-K * A^(Δh / Δl) (Darcy’s Law)

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2
Q

tau (residence time) =

A

V / Q (volume / discharge)

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3
Q

Recurrence interval

A

Interval on which a flood of a given discharge occurs at least once; inversely related to exceedance probability

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4
Q

probability of a given flood occurring over a period of n years

A

1 - (1 - exceedance probability) ^ n

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5
Q

log plot equation

A

x = 10^(p * (log after - log before) + log before)

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6
Q

h (hydraulic head) =

A

z (elevation head; datum to bottom of piezo-/mano- meter) + Ψ (pressure head)

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7
Q

Potential evapotranspiration (PET)

A

Evapotranspiration that would occur from a wet surface under specific conditions

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8
Q

Water bonding

A

Polar covalent within molecules; hydrogen bonding between molecules

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9
Q

effects of H-bonding on water

A

high Bp, high freezing point, high viscosity, expansion upon freezing (crystalline structure maximizes H-bonding), surface tension, solvent ability

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10
Q

Water cycle pools

A

Lakes, rivers, groundwater, snowpack, ocean, atmosphere

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11
Q

Water cycle fluxes

A

Precipitation, evapotranspiration, streamflow, recharge

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12
Q

Water use goals

A

Not too much, not too little, of the right quality

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13
Q

Virtual water

A

Hidden flow of water in commodities

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14
Q

in-situ use

A

water use without withdrawal (i.e., waterwheel)

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15
Q

consumptive use

A

water use that diminishes quality or amount

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16
Q

nonconsumptive use

A

water use that does not diminish quality or amount

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17
Q

River functions

A

Geomorphological agent, human resource (often controlled), habitat, mover of water and substances quickly through landscape

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18
Q

Thalweg

A

Lowest point of river bottom; where length is measured

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19
Q

River variation by:

A

sinuosity, slope, width, depth, cross section

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20
Q

Climatic variability of rivers

A

Arid climates: very variable streamflow (little storage)
Cold climates: peak in summer or spring from melting
Temperate humid: generally consistent; can decrease in summer due to increased ET
Equatorial: most consistent; further out from equator has monsoons

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21
Q

Uncontained aquifer

A

In contact with atmosphere; water table is at equilibrium with atmospheric pressure

22
Q

Contained aquifer

A

Under pressure due to confining units; have a potentiometric surface rather than a water table; often recharged by a distant area

23
Q

Artesian well

A

Well in a confined aquifer where potentiometric surface is above ground level

24
Q

Water table

A

top of saturated zone in equilibrium with atm

25
Q

Capillary fringe:

A

Saturated area above water table resulting from capillary action

26
Q

Flood analysis procedure

A
  1. Annual peak flow
  2. Rank
  3. Recurrence interval
  4. Exceedance probability
27
Q

Flood types

A

Fluvial (river), pluvial (runoff / surface), coastal

28
Q

Reasons for changing flood frequency

A

Climate shift, land cover change, dam construction

29
Q

Conditions necessary for precipitation

A

Precipitable water, continuing moisture supply (atmospheric rivers, ocean water, “recycled” water from land surface), condensation (convergence - ICTZ, fronts - convection (monsoons), orographic (elevation, rain shadows beyond mountains), hydrometeor growth processes

30
Q

Precipitation measurement

A

Bucket, rain gauge (tipping bucket), disdrometer, radar, satellites

31
Q

Evapotranspiration measurement

A

Evapotranspiration pan, lysimeter, porometry and sap flux

32
Q

Snow measurement

A

Snow tubes, snow pillows, satellite radiometers, LIDAR flights

33
Q

Snow water equivalent

A

Depth of water that would have the same mass as the column of snow

34
Q

Measurement tradeoffs

A

Rates vs. totals, labor vs. expense, spatial coverage vs. resolution, measuring vs. modeling

35
Q

Lakes

A

Low velocity surface water surrounded by land

36
Q

Lake sources and sinks

A

Groundwater, ET, runoff, inflow stream, and outflow stream

37
Q

Lake productivity

A

Oligotrophic, mesotrophic, eutrophic

38
Q

Lake characteristics

A

Water sources and sinks, lake productivity, mixing, landscape position, residence time, drainage basin / lake area, salinity

39
Q

Lake formation methods

A

Glaciers, volcanic and tectonic processes, landslides and mudslides, oxbow, closed basin (endorheic)

40
Q

Reservoir/dam purposes

A

Recreation, flood control, ecological purpose, irrigation, domestic supply, hydroelectric, navigation

41
Q

Dam/reservoir components

A

Dam, outlet works, spillway, live storage, dead storage, flood pool

42
Q

Upstream dam/reservoir problems

A

Migratory blocking, displaced people, trap sediment, change habitat, induce demand for water, expensive, more ET, eutrophication, loss of land, pollutant concentration

43
Q

Downstream dam/reservoir problems

A

Less sediment (starve deltas), altered flow, changes in downstream temp + dissolved gas, dam failure & hazard, dam-induced seismicity

44
Q

Ecosystem

A

Community of interdependent species, together with the non-living environment, having a relatively self-contained energy flow and being distinct from neighboring communities

45
Q

River reach

A

Stretch of a river or stream with the same properties

46
Q

Wetland services

A

Absorb nutrients and pollutants (natural filtration), dissipate wave energy, serve as flood storage, and provide habitat

47
Q

Wetland characteristics

A

Tidal (mangrove, salt marsh) or not, wet seasonally or year round, saturated (marshes and wet meadows) or inundated (bogs and fens), fed by precipitation (bog) or overland flow (marsh) or groundwater (fens), woody (swamp) or soft-stemmed (marsh), organic (peat) (bogs, fens) or mineral soils (swamps, marshes)

48
Q

Ramsar convention

A

Protects wetlands; signed by 172 countries; response to loss of 50% of wetlands since 1900

49
Q

Hyporheic flow

A

Exchange between river flow and shallow subsurface: important transfer of gas, solutes, contaminants, microorganisms, and particles

50
Q

Riffle

A

Shallow and quick flowing part of a river

51
Q

Discharge/streamflow measurement

A

Weirs and buckets; velocity-area relationships with blocks: Q = depth * width * velocity; rating curves

Water Resources (1 decks)

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