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Neuroscience of Mental Health and Psychiatric Disease > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic Division (Nervous System)

A

Nerve cells that connect the brain to the outside world.

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2
Q

Autonomic Division (Nervous System)

A

Nerve cells that regulates vital functions such as heart rate, digestion, lung movement, sexual arousal, etc.

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3
Q

Vasculatures

A

Blood vessels of the brain.

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4
Q

Anterior vs. Posterior

A

Front vs. Back

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5
Q

Ventral (Inferior) vs. Dorsal (Superior)

A

Bottom vs. Above

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6
Q

Medial vs. Lateral

A

Middle vs. Sides

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7
Q

Coronal Section

A

Cut from one lateral side to the other lateral side and viewed from back to front.

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8
Q

Sagittal Section

A

A cut lengthways from the front to back and viewed from the side.

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9
Q

Horizontal Section

A

A cut that falls along the horizon and is usually viewed looking down on the brain from above.

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10
Q

Meninges

A

The 3 layers of membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord.

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11
Q

Dura Mater

A

The tough outer layer of fibrous tissue that encloses the brain in a loose sack.

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12
Q

Arachnoid Layer

A

Like a spider web, a thin sheet of delicate connective tissue that follows brain contours.

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13
Q

Pia mater

A

Moderately tough inner layer that clings to the brain’s surface.

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14
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Clear solution of sodium chloride and other salts that circulates around the brain and spinal cord.

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15
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

Blood vessels that vascularizes the CNS (central nervous system) and that possess a highly selective semipermeable barrier that prevents solutes in circulating blood from entering into the CNS tissue.

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16
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest area that contains major lobes of the brain.

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17
Q

Lateralization

A

Processes whereby functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain.

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18
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outer layer of the cerebrum where thin set of nerve tissue that is folded many times fits into the skull akin to the bark of a tree; the outer layer of the cerebrum.

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19
Q

Gyrus (pl. Gyri)

A

Brain bumps or protrusions.

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20
Q

Sulcus (pl. Sulci)

A

Brain groves.

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21
Q

Frontal Lobe (Function)

A

Voluntary movement, expressive language, and managing high level executive functions and actions.

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22
Q

Parietal Lobe (Function)

A

Receiving and processing information.

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23
Q

Temporal Lobe (Function)

A

Auditory information processing.

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24
Q

Occipital Lobe (Function)

A

Visual perception including colour, form, and motion.

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25
Q

Hippocampus (Function)

A

Deals with spatial memory, navigation, long term memory, and turning off stress response.

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26
Q

Amygdala (Function)

A

Deals with empathy, fear, and involved in “flight or fight” response.

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27
Q

Hypothalamus (Function)

A

Central regulator for the body as it controls the release of hormones from various glands in the body.

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28
Q

Cingulate Gyrus (Function)

A

Processes emotional distress, pain, and drives body’s response to unpleasant experiences (i.e., helps to orientate body away from negative stimuli).

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29
Q

Basal Ganglia (Function)

A

A group of structures that together regulate the initiation of movement.

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30
Q

The Brainstem (Function)

A

Functions to maintain homeostasis and is involved in fine movements of the limb and face. It is comprised of 3 basic regions: diencephalon, midbrain, and hindbrain.

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31
Q

Diencephalon (contains what part(s) of the brain?)

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus.

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32
Q

Midbrain (contains what part(s) of the brain?)

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nigra.

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33
Q

Hindbrain (contains what part(s) of the brain?)

A

Pons and medulla.

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34
Q

Thalamus (function)

A

Processes all sensory information en route to the cortex.

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35
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and Nigra (functions)

A

Involved in rewards and excitement, or initiation of movement.

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36
Q

Pons (function)

A

The region of the brain stem most closely associated with breathing and circuits that generate respirator rhythms. Connects the cerebellum to brain stem.

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37
Q

Cerebellum (function)

A

Monitors and regulates motor behaviours, particularly in automatic movements. Responsible for balance and posture.

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38
Q

Neuron

A

Basic functional cell of nervous system designed to transmit information.

39
Q

Microglia

A

Brain immune cell (eats damaged neurons or foreign invaders).

40
Q

Astrocyte

A

Provides support to neurons (i.e., keeps them in place, gives them nutrients).

41
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Surround the axon of the neuron with myelin to speed up transmission of a signal down an axon.

42
Q

Dendrites

A

Information received here.

43
Q

Soma

A

Body of the cell containing the nucleus.

44
Q

Nucleus

A

The center of the cell.

45
Q

Axon

A

The part of the neuron carrying an action potential.

46
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Where the dendrites and soma ‘pinches off’ toward the axon.

47
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Points between oligodendroctyes.

48
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Fat speeding up transmission of APs (action potentials) across the axon.

49
Q

Axon Terminals

A

Information released here.

50
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated axons that transmit information.

51
Q

Gray Matter

A

Cell bodies.

52
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of axons in the CNS (central nervous system).

53
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axon in the PNS (peripheral nervous system).

54
Q

Depolarization

A

Any charge that makes it less negative is called depolarization.

55
Q

Repolarization

A

K+ channel open, Na+ channels slam shut. K+ ions rush out. Charge becomes more negative.

56
Q

Refractory Period

A

Na+ channels cannot open. Voltage overshoots to even less than resting state of -70mv. AP (action potential) cannot happen.

57
Q

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

Neurotransmitters called “inhibitory neurotransmitters” that promote anions into the cell which hyperpolarize the cell making it less likely that it will fire an AP (action potential).

58
Q

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP)

A

Neurotransmitters called “excitatory neurotransmitters” that promote cations into the cell which depolarizes the post-synaptic membrane increasing the likelihood that an AP (action potential) will fire.

59
Q

Threshold Voltage

A

-50mv

60
Q

Ligands

A

Molecules that bind to and activate receptors.

61
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messenger signals that influence the body in several ways including reproduction, growth, stress, and response to injury.

62
Q

Peptide

A

A string of amino acids.

63
Q

Monoamine Hormones

A

Modified amino acids.

64
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Synthesized from cholesterol and have 4 ringed structures.

65
Q

Luteinizing Hormones (LH)

A

Responsible for telling the body to release the egg.

66
Q

Cortisol (CORT)

A

Stress hormone.

67
Q

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CHR)

A

The main organizer of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

68
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

Proposed a general physiological reaction to all types of stress. It has 3 stages: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.

69
Q

Sympatho-Adrenomedullary Axis (SAM axis)

A

Mediates the initial alarm phase in general adaptation syndrome (GAS) leading to the release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). This is the fast pathway for stress.

70
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA axis)

A

Mediates the resistance phase in general adaptation syndrome (GAS) and involves dealing with prolonged stress. This is the slow pathway for stress.

71
Q

Innate Immune System

A

Involves 1st and 2nd line of defense including barriers that block entry/invasion and cells that attack invaders.

72
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

Involves 3rd line of defense which develops immunity after pathogen exposure.

73
Q

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

Shared characteristics of different types of bacteria or different types of viruses.

74
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process of a macrophage eating a foreign invader cell.

75
Q

Cytokines

A

Small glycoproteins which are involved in behavioural and physiological functions such as inducing fever, stress activity, and behavioural deficits. It’s primary role is to recruit and activate/deactivate the production of immune cells.

76
Q

Autocrine

A

Affects the generating cell.

77
Q

Paracrine

A

Affects cells in the immediate area.

78
Q

Endocrine

A

Affects cells remote from secreting cell.

79
Q

Antigen (Ag)

A

Specific patterns of bacteria or viruses.

80
Q

B Cells

A

Produce antibodies (Abs) which attach to antigens (Ags) and lead to pathogen destruction. Developed in the bone marrow and thus named B cell.

81
Q

T Cells

A

Regulate other cells of the immune system, help them out (e.g., trigger their division), and directly kill specific infected cells (cytotoxic T cells). Developed in the thymus and thus named T cell.

82
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

T cells specifically for killing foreign invaders. They kill their targets by excysting perforin which causes pores in the cell membrane.

83
Q

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

A

Medicines which are widely used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and bring down a high temperature.

84
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Packaged into chromosomes in the cell’s nucleus. Humans have 23 pairs and receive one per pair from each parent. DNA tells your body how to make amino acids.

85
Q

Nucleotide Pairs

A

There are 4 Nucleotides: A, T, C, G. They are paired A-T, G-C.

86
Q

Codons

A

3 nucleotides long which code for specific amino acids.

87
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

A copy of a gene strand.

88
Q

Uracil

A

In mRNA, thymine (T) is swapped out 1:1 for uracil.

89
Q

Histones

A

A type of protein which binds to DNA giving its shape in chromosomes.

90
Q

Chromatin

A

The combination of protein (namely, histone) and DNA.

91
Q

Histone Acetylation

A

Relaxes the chromatin and increases gene transcription.

92
Q

Histone Methylation

A

Tightens/condenses the chromatin and decreases gene transcription.

93
Q
A

Neuroscience of Mental Health and Psychiatric Disease (1 decks)

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