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Migration and the Border > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

refugee

A

asks to immigrate back home (numerical limits)

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2
Q

asylum seeker

A

asks to immigrate at the border or in the US (no limits)

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3
Q

remittance

A

money sent by immigrants back home

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4
Q

visa

A

permission to enter a foreign country (non-immigrant visa vs permanent visa (green card))

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5
Q

naturalization

A

the process of becoming a citizen

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6
Q

push factor

A

what motivates migrants to leave

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7
Q

pull factor

A

what motivates migrants to move to their destination

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8
Q

day laborer

A

usually immigrants, works for daily wages

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9
Q

climate migration

A

migrating due to climate-related disasters, becoming more common

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10
Q

central american dry corridor

A

strip of land across El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua that is vulnerable to extreme climate events

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11
Q

deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA)

A

legal deferral of deportation for child migrants
- must be under 18
-2 years guaranteed deferral in exchange for DNA and info about family
-passed by Obama, not congress (meaning less protection)

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12
Q

labor migrant

A

migrate for work, do not usually plan on staying

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13
Q

entrepreneurial migrant

A

migrate to establish a new business

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14
Q

professional migrant

A

migrate for work, can apply for employment-based visas

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15
Q

chinese exclusion act of 1882

A

10 year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to US

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16
Q

national origins quota act of 1924

A

limited the number of immigrants allowed entry to US through a national origins quota

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17
Q

US v Wong Kim Ark

A

established birthright citizenship in US

WKA born in SF, was denied re-entry to US after China trip based on Chinese exclusion act
WKA came back again, detained, until they realized the court case and he was the defendant

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18
Q

Hart-Celler Act of 1965

A

changed the country’s legislation system

abolished the national origins quota system (heavily favored Northern and Western Europeans),
established new policy centered around family reunification and skills of immigrants

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19
Q

bracero program

A

allowed millions of Mexicans temporary work permits between 1942-1964, established to address labor shortages in farms caused by the war

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20
Q

human capital

A

the skills, knowledge, experience, and abilities of individuals that contribute to the economy/industries

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21
Q

segmented assimilation

A

people assimilate into society in segments/parts

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22
Q

symbolic ethnicity

A

immigrants create holidays, traditions,customs that are not typically celebrated back home so that white people can embrace their culture (e.g. St. Patrick’s day)

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23
Q

reactive ethnicity

A

as a result of discrimination, people claim their ethnic identity (e.g. Lunary New Year was not celebrated in the US, now it is)

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24
Q

replenished ethnicity

A

process of revitalizing or renewing ethnic identity/cultural practices

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25
Q

anglo conformity model

A

immigrants are expected to adopt the cultural norms, values, and practices of the receiving community (e.g. immigrants expected to act American)

generally more hostile

critique: excludes other cultures, culture hegemony, and ignores multicultural realities

26
Q

melting pot model

A

everyone’s cultures blend together to make a new, unique culture

critiques: can push aside cultures, loss of cultural heritage, assimilation pressure, excludes marginalized groups, ignores structural inequalities (discrimination, etc.)

27
Q

straight-line assimilation

A

sending country –> ethnic enclave in US –> mainstream –> nostalgia for sending country

multigenerational assimilation

critiques: oversimplification, overlooks structural barriers (discrimination, inequality, etc.)

28
Q

conditional citizen

A

individual who holds citizenship in a country, but their rights are subject to conditions or restrictions

e.g. citizenship granted once they meet residency requirements, civic/language exams, good moral character, etc.

29
Q

xenophobia

A

intense fear, dislike, or prejudice against people from other countries or cultures

30
Q

nativism

A

preference for native-born individuals over immigrants

31
Q

how did 9/11 change US migration policy

A

switched policy’s focus to securing America

instituted Department of Homeland Security:
- United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
- Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
- Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

infrastructure changes:
- fences at MX border and increased border patrol
- req’d biometric info and nonimmigrant visas
- real ID act of 2005

32
Q

why do undocumented immigrants have trouble getting healthcare?

A

they can not use Medicare, Obamacare, Medicaid or CHIP (exceptions for both)

obstacles:
- lack of knowledge of system
- lack of medical insurance
- lack of transportation/drivers license
- prioritize work before health
- xenophobia/racism

33
Q

roads to a permanent visa in US

A
  1. family based migration
  2. employment-based migration
  3. diversity lottery
  4. humanitarian relief (incl. asylum, SJIS- few granted)
34
Q

family-based migration

A

no limit, granted to:
- spouses and recent widows, children, stepchildren/stepparents (marriage occured before child was 18), adopted children (under 16)

480,000 green cards/year granted to:
- unmarried children 21+, spouses and unmarried children of a greencard holder, married children, siblings/parents of 21+ citizen

35
Q

employment-based migration

A

140,000 green cards/year granted to people whose job skills can not be met by US workers

36
Q

diversity lottery

A

50,000 green cards/year granted to citizens on a list of countries with few immigrants in the US, educational qualifications apply

37
Q

special immigrant juvenile status (SIJS)

A

immigrant children who have been abused, neglected, or abandoned by their parents

38
Q

what two events influenced the development of UN refugee system

A
  1. World War II
  2. 1951 UN refugee convention
39
Q

why was WWII important

A

displaced persons:
- Polish and Ukrainian enslavement
- concentration camps (Jews, Roma, Socialists, LGBTQ+, Jehovah’s Witnesses)

they fleed their homes to escape violence, persecution, and war- it forced the UN to provide widespread humanitarian aid

40
Q

why is the 1951 UN Refugee Convention important

A

principle of non-refoulment- no country can expel a refugee whose life or freedom is threatened because of their:
1. race
2. religion
3. nationality
4. political opinion
5. membership of a particular social group (that can not be changed)

41
Q

ways in which climate change leads to migration

A

extreme climate events act as a push factor (e.g. floods, typhoons, hurricanes, gloval warming –> less resources, social tension)

examples:
1. Rice Farmers on River Delta: dams reduce water paired w increased saltwater flooding make rice farming difficult/impossible
2. Central American Dry Corridor, 95% of crops failed
3. Rust Belt in Flint, MI: switched to Flint river water which had rust from abandoned car factories, led absorption led to widespread Legionnaires disease and infections

42
Q

three cultural narratives of receiving community

A
  1. melting pot model
  2. anglo conformity model
  3. assimilationist narrative
43
Q

what are portes and rambaut’s types of immigrants

A
  1. labor migrants
  2. professional migrants
  3. entrepreneurial migrants
  4. refugees/asylees
44
Q

two major factors that determine portes and rambaut’s types of immigrants

A
  1. personal resources (material/human capital)
  2. government classification (undocumented/temporary legal status/permanent legal residency/resettlement assistance)
45
Q

how was migration part of the European colonization of North America

A

voluntary: Spanish colony in Florida, English Pilgrims migrating to New England

involuntary: WWII, Irish famine, Catholic persecution in Germany

46
Q

17900 naturalization act

A

allowed white immigrants that have lived in the US can naturalize if they can prove to the court that they are a good person (extended to their children if they live in the US and are under 21)

excludes: Native Americans, indentured servants, slaves, Africans, Pacific Islanders, and non-White Asians

47
Q

four periods in US migration history

A
  1. colonization and migration
  2. encouraging migration
  3. restricting migration
  4. contemporary migration
48
Q

key events during the colonization and migration period

A
  • Spanish colony of Florida
  • slaves
  • Declaration of Independence
  • 1790 Naturalization Act
49
Q

key events during encouraging migration period

A
  • Irish famine
  • gold rush in CA
  • US civil war
  • Catholic persecution in Germany
50
Q

key events during restricting migration

A
  • Chinese exclusion act
  • Geary act (extended Chinese exclusion act for 10 years)
  • US vs Wong Kim Ark
  • WWI
  • National Origins Quota Act
  • WWII
  • Bracero program
51
Q

key events during contemporary migration

A
  • Hart-Celler Act
  • diversity lottery created
  • DACA created
52
Q

common push and pull factors throughout US migration history

A

push: environmental factors, work, poor economic situation, prejudice, discrimination, violence, poor education

pull: better quality of life, better economic opportunities, no work, more equal opportunities, education

53
Q

Jim Crowe caste system

A

African Americans relegated to second class citizens, legitimized racism, racial segregation

54
Q

how did Jim Crowe caste system play a role in the great migration

A

Black Americans moved to the North from South to escape Jim Crowe laws and discrimination/violence

55
Q

factors that shape outcomes in segmented assimilation thery

A
  1. individual features (e.g. human capital)
  2. social environment of receiving community (e.g. government classification, societal reception, situation of immigrant community)
  3. family situation (e.g. single/married parents, adapt together or apart)
56
Q

racial/ethnic disadvantage model

A

people who are not white are not able to fully assimilate/enter society- they are viewed as “other”

57
Q

selective resistance

A

kids and parents resist assimilation and mainstream

58
Q

consonant acculturation

A

kids and parents assimilate together into mainstream

59
Q

dissonant acculturation

A

kids and parents adapt separately

cons: role reversal between kids and parents, kids are more susceptible to criminal activity

60
Q

hourglass economy

A

produces more upper and lower classes:

  1. highly skilled and educated
  2. merchants/skilled labor
  3. service/economy labor
61
Q

two assimilationist narratives

A

straight line assimilation
segmented assimilation

Migration and the Border (1 decks)

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