Midterm Flashcards
Plays a crucial role in the criminal justice system by providing valuable evidence.
Bite Mark Analysis
People who study human teeth.
Odontologists
Proved to be valuable in cases where the mark is made on human skin.
Bite Mark Evidence
The significance of bite mark evidence was demonstrated in the famous ____
Marx case of 1975
Is a forensic technique that has gained prominence in recent years, involving the identification of an individual based on their unique lip print pattern.
Lip Print Analysis
It involves the study of the pattern formed by wrinkles and grooves on the labial mucosa, known as sulci labriorum, and is referred to as cheiloscopy.
Lip Print Analysis
Lip print analysis has been recommended as forensic technique since ____ when Edmond Locard first suggested its use in France.
1932
Lip print analysis has been recommended as forensic technique since 1932 when ____ first suggested its use in France.
Edmond Locard
Lip print analysis has been recommended as forensic technique since 1932 when Edmond Locard first suggested its use in ____.
France
Is a form of art and science that involves capturing and reproducing images using light and sensitized materials
Photography
The term photography comes from the ___ means ___ and ___ meaning ___ or ___
Greek words “Photos” means light
“Graphos” meaning drawing or writing
Is the use of photography in law enforcement and investigation to document and preserve evidence from the crime scene.
Forensic Photography
One of the specialized applications of photography is in ___
Forensic Investigation
Involves the use of specialized techniques and equipment to document and preserve evidence from crime scenes.
Forensic Photography
Basic Concepts of Forensic Photography
Lighting
Scale
Perspective
Proper lighting is essential in forensic photography to capture accurate and detailed images.
Lighting
The use of scale in forensic photography is crucial to provide a frame of reference for the evidence being documented.
Scale
The perspective from which evidence is photographed can significantly impact the interpretation of the evidence.
Perspective
The use of photography in forensic investigation dates back to ___
Mid-19th century
The first recorded use of photography in criminal investigation occurred in France when a photograph was used to identify a suspect in a murder case.
1851
Process of Recording in Forensic Photography
Documenting the scene
Capturing images
Labeling images
Forensic photographers must document the entire crime scene, including the location and context of the evidence, using different angles and perspectives to capture the details of the scene.
Documenting the scene
Photographs must be captured from multiple angles and distances to provide a comprehensive overview of the scene and evidence.
Capturing images
Each image must be labeled with relevant information, including the date, time, location, photographer’s name, stored for future use in court.
Labeling images
According to a study by B. A. G. Al-Khafaji (2017), the process of recording forensic photography involves four main steps:
Planning and preparation,
Documentation,
Image capture, and
Post-processing
Involves assesing the scene, identifying potential photographic evidence, and determining the best approach for capturing images.
Planning and preparation stage
Involves creating a written record of the scene, including notes and sketches of the evidence, as well as taking measurements and creating a floor plan.
Documentation stage
Involves taking photographs of the scene, using different angles and lighting techniques to capture the details of the evidence.
Image capture stage
Involves reviewing and analyzing the images and preparing them for use in court.
Post-processing stage
Is an automated method of biometric identification that utilizes the unique patterns of the iris to identify individuals.
Iris recognition
Highly accurate and reliable, with a false acceptance rate of less than 0.1%.
Iris recognition
Developed by John Gustav Daugman, has been extensively tested with billions of images and has demonstrated a very low failure rate.
Daugman System
A British-American professor of computer vision and pattern recognition at the University of Cambridge, is credited with inventing iris recognition.
John Gustav Daugman
He developed and patented the first algorithms for iris recognition in 1992.
John Gustav Daugman
The concept of using iris patterns for identification systems was initially proposed by ophthalmologists ___ and ___
Alphonse Bertillon and Frank Burch
Ophthalmologists Frank Burch introduced the idea of using iris patterns for individual recognition.
1936
Further developed this concept in 1985, asserting that no two irises are alike.
Drs. Leonard Flom and Aran Safir
The Defense Nuclear Agency in the United States commenced testing and delivering a prototype unit in ___,which was completed by 1995 through the joint efforts of Drs. Flom, Safir, and Daugman
1993
The Defense Nuclear Agency in the United States commenced testing and delivering a prototype unit in 1993, which was completed by ___ through the joint efforts of Drs. Flom, Safir, and Daugman
1995
The patent on Dr. Daugman’s “Iris Codes” implementation of iris recognition expired in ___.
2011
Iris patterns are described by an Iris Code, which captures phase information from the ___.
Phasors
A high-resolution image of the iris is captured using a specialized camera or scanner.
Iris Capture
The captured image is preprocessed to remove any noise or artifacts that may interfere with the identification process.
Preprocessing
The image is analyzed to extract unique features of the iris, such as the shape of the pupil, the texture of the iris, and the distribution of blood vessels.
Feature extraction
The extracted features are compared to a database of previously recorded iris images to determine a match. If a match is found, the identity of the person is confirmed, and access is granted.
Matching
Iris recognition can be used to identify criminals by matching their iris images with those stored in a database.
Identification of Criminals
Iris recognition can be used to enhance border control by identifying individuals who may pose a threat to national security.
Border Control
Iris recognition can be used for access control in high-security areas such as government buildings, military installations, and research facilities.
Access Control
Iris recognition can be used in forensic investigations to identify suspects and victims.
Forensic Investigations
Iris recognition is a highly reliable method of identification, as the iris is unique to each individual and does not change over time.
Reliable identification
Iris recognition is a non-invasive method of evidence collection, as it only requires a photograph of the iris.
Non-invasive Evidence
Iris recognition is generally considered to be admissible as evidence in court, as it is a scientifically validated method of identification.
Admissible Evidence
Iris recognition can be used as corroborative evidence to support other forms of evidence, such as eyewitness testimony or DNA evidence.
Corroborative Evidence
Investigative Values of Iris Recognition
Identification of Criminals,
Border Control,
Access Control, and
Forensic Investigations
Evidentiary Values of Iris Recognition
Reliable Information,
Non-invasive Evidence,
Admissible Evidence, and
Corroborative Evidence
Five Benefits of Iris Recognition
Accuracy,
Contact-free,
Flexible and Scalable,
Liveness Detection, and
Fast Matching
Iris recognition is an exceptional form of biometric authentication that is highly accurate.
Accuracy
Iris recognition is a contact-free solution that is hygienic and non-intrusive for the end-user.
Contact-free
Iris recognition is flexible technology.
Flexible and Scalable
NEC is a pioneer in liveness detection in the field of iris recognition.
Liveness Detection
Iris recognition is one of the fastest forms of biometric identification, especially when the individual is already enrolled in the system.
Fast Matching
Disadvantages of Iris Recognition
Distance,
Movement,
Memory,
Reflection, and
Cost
Is the analysis of handwriting with attempt to determine someone’s personality traits.
Graphology
The word graphology is a combination of the Greek word ___ which means to write and the suffix ology a branch of scientific study.
Grapheirt
Is the study of handwriting especially that found in ransom notes, poison pen letters or blackmail demands.
Forensic Graphology
Has been practiced for centuries and has been used in various fields such as recruitment, education, counseling, and forensic analysis.
Hand writing analysis
Handwriting science has its roots in ___.
Eastern India
He wrote a book and named it “Greepha” which is the first book on handwriting science.
Rishi Parashar
Was the first person who gave a scientific value to this science. He performed research on handwriting and conclude that in whenever situation of humans, the specific letter formation occurs due to emotion flow in the human brain at the time, and hence handwriting is brain writing.
French Priest Father Miko
Graphology was uplifted in ___ when Dr. Camillo Baldi, an Italian medical doctor reintroduced the science of handwriting.
1622
He became the first person to use handwriting analysis as a tool for understanding human behavior.
Dr. Camillo Baldi
He is entitled as “Father of Graphology”. Hid book named “Treated how, by a letter missive, one recognizes the writer’s nature and qualities”, and it is considered to be the first known graphological essay.
Dr. Camillo Baldi
Later, in the 19th century, ___ popularized the use of Graphology as a scientific method for analyzing handwriting.
Frenchman Jean-Hippolyte Michon
In 1870, the term “Graphology” was coined by ___, a French man.
Jean Michon
In 1930, ____ establishes the relation between handwriting and character.
Dr. Ludwig Klages
He is widely regarded as the father of modern graphology.
Dr. Ludwig Klages
Demand for attention and need for elbow room
Large Middle Zone
Reserved intelligent modest, unassuming ability to concentrate non-spotlight job.
Small Middle Zone
Is an indication of the physical and emotional energy in the writer at the time of writing.
Pressure
Perceptive, good memory, conservative
Medium Pressure
Gentle, cultural avoids confrontation, sedentary, intellectual approach
Light Pressure
The amount of spacing that the writer leaves between the letters, words, and lines indicates their general companionableness, how they react in close personal associations and; n relation to their overall environment.
Spacing
Clear thought able to organize work
Lines separated, evenly spaced
Confused thinking poor organization of time and space overly familiar
Lines crowded together, overlapping loops
Also known as DNA profiling, is a technique used to identify individuals based in their unique genetic makeup.
DNA Fingerprinting
The DNA molecule is composed of four nucleotide bases:
Adenine,
Cytosine,
Guanine, and
Thymine
Is the building block for the human body, virtually every cell contains this.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA
Is a chemical test that shows the genetic makeup of a person or other living things.
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting was first developed by ___ in 1984.
British Genetics Alec Jeffreys
DNA fingerprinting was used for the first time in a criminal investigation to solve a double murder case in England.
1986
The most common form of DNA analysis is called ___.
Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR
It involves the systematic study of human locomotion, providing insights into movement patterns, biomechanics, and potential abnormalities.
Gait Analysis
It involves assessing and evaluating the gait patterns of individuals and comparing them with evidence from crime scenes.
Forensic Gait Analysis
Made early observations and comments on human walking.
Aristotle
Conducted one of the first known gait analysis using a device called sphygmograph to measure human gait.
French Scientist Etienne-Jules Marey
An English photographer, used multiple cameras to capture motion sequences and analyze gait in humans and animals.
Eadweard Muybridge
The reproduction of some smooth surface on the pattern formed by the ridge on the inside of the tip of the end joint of our fingers or thumb.
Fingerprint
Is the application of forensic science, or “forensics”, and technology to identify specific objects from the trace evidence they leave, often at a crime scene or the scene of an accident. Forensic means “for the courts”.
Forensic Identification
A derived from the Latin word “forum” meaning a market place, where people gather together for “public disputation” or “public discussion”.
Forensic
Dogmatic Principle of Fingerprints
Principle of Individuality,
Principle of Permanency, and
Principle of Infallibility
This discussed that no two persons have the same fingerprints even our ten neighboring fingers are merely exactly alike or identical in every detail.
Principle of Individuality
This explains that fingerprint is remain constant or unchangeable throughout life starts during embryonic period three to four months of the fetus until death arise.
Principle of Permanency
This elaborated that fingerprint is an accurate or reliable means of personal identification and cannot be forged.
Principle of Infallibility
Is the application of a broad spectrum of science and technologies to investigate and established facts of interest in relation to criminal or civil law.
Forensic Science
Is the branch of forensic science that studies the structure of fingerprints for the purpose of criminal identification, registration, and investigation.
Dactyloscopy
Is the science that deals with the study of the palm print in the relation to identification.
Chiroscopy
Is the science that deals with the study of the sole of human foot for identification purposes.
Podoscopy
Is the science that deals with the study of the human pores or sweat gland.
Poroscopy
The skin on inner hands and fingers, and on the bottom of the feet and toes, which is characterized by altering strips of raised ridges and furrow arranged in a variety of patterns.
Friction Skin
The raised portion of the skin that leaves the impression or reproduction.
Friction ridge
That portion of the skin lower and between the ridges.
Furrow
In forensic science is simply answering the questions “what is it?”.
Identification
Is the uniqueness of an object like itself.
Individualization
Parts of the Finger
Distal Phalanx,
Distal interphalangeal Joint,
Middle Phalanx,
Proximal interphalangeal Joint, and
Proximal Phalanx
Sometime before 851 CE, an Arab merchant in China, ___ witnessed Chinese merchants using fingerprints to authenticate loans.
Abu Zayd Hasan
Indicate that law officials would take the fingerprints of people who had been arrested.
Babylonian King Hammurabi
Records have shown that officials took hand prints, food prints as well as finger prints as evidence from a crime scene.
China’s Qin Dynasty
Remarked that fingerprints could be used as a means of authentication.
Chinese Historian Kia Kung-Yen
Refers to the Chinese practice of identifying people via their fingerprints, commenting: “Experience shows that no two individuals have fingers exactly alike.
Jami al-Tawarikh (Universal History) of Persian physician Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
Earliest use of fingerprints.
China
