Midterm Flashcards
Plays a crucial role in the criminal justice system by providing valuable evidence.
Bite Mark Analysis
People who study human teeth.
Odontologists
Proved to be valuable in cases where the mark is made on human skin.
Bite Mark Evidence
The significance of bite mark evidence was demonstrated in the famous ____
Marx case of 1975
Is a forensic technique that has gained prominence in recent years, involving the identification of an individual based on their unique lip print pattern.
Lip Print Analysis
It involves the study of the pattern formed by wrinkles and grooves on the labial mucosa, known as sulci labriorum, and is referred to as cheiloscopy.
Lip Print Analysis
Lip print analysis has been recommended as forensic technique since ____ when Edmond Locard first suggested its use in France.
1932
Lip print analysis has been recommended as forensic technique since 1932 when ____ first suggested its use in France.
Edmond Locard
Lip print analysis has been recommended as forensic technique since 1932 when Edmond Locard first suggested its use in ____.
France
Is a form of art and science that involves capturing and reproducing images using light and sensitized materials
Photography
The term photography comes from the ___ means ___ and ___ meaning ___ or ___
Greek words “Photos” means light
“Graphos” meaning drawing or writing
Is the use of photography in law enforcement and investigation to document and preserve evidence from the crime scene.
Forensic Photography
One of the specialized applications of photography is in ___
Forensic Investigation
Involves the use of specialized techniques and equipment to document and preserve evidence from crime scenes.
Forensic Photography
Basic Concepts of Forensic Photography
Lighting
Scale
Perspective
Proper lighting is essential in forensic photography to capture accurate and detailed images.
Lighting
The use of scale in forensic photography is crucial to provide a frame of reference for the evidence being documented.
Scale
The perspective from which evidence is photographed can significantly impact the interpretation of the evidence.
Perspective
The use of photography in forensic investigation dates back to ___
Mid-19th century
The first recorded use of photography in criminal investigation occurred in France when a photograph was used to identify a suspect in a murder case.
1851
Process of Recording in Forensic Photography
Documenting the scene
Capturing images
Labeling images
Forensic photographers must document the entire crime scene, including the location and context of the evidence, using different angles and perspectives to capture the details of the scene.
Documenting the scene
Photographs must be captured from multiple angles and distances to provide a comprehensive overview of the scene and evidence.
Capturing images
Each image must be labeled with relevant information, including the date, time, location, photographer’s name, stored for future use in court.
Labeling images
According to a study by B. A. G. Al-Khafaji (2017), the process of recording forensic photography involves four main steps:
Planning and preparation,
Documentation,
Image capture, and
Post-processing
Involves assesing the scene, identifying potential photographic evidence, and determining the best approach for capturing images.
Planning and preparation stage
Involves creating a written record of the scene, including notes and sketches of the evidence, as well as taking measurements and creating a floor plan.
Documentation stage
Involves taking photographs of the scene, using different angles and lighting techniques to capture the details of the evidence.
Image capture stage
Involves reviewing and analyzing the images and preparing them for use in court.
Post-processing stage
Is an automated method of biometric identification that utilizes the unique patterns of the iris to identify individuals.
Iris recognition
Highly accurate and reliable, with a false acceptance rate of less than 0.1%.
Iris recognition
Developed by John Gustav Daugman, has been extensively tested with billions of images and has demonstrated a very low failure rate.
Daugman System
A British-American professor of computer vision and pattern recognition at the University of Cambridge, is credited with inventing iris recognition.
John Gustav Daugman
He developed and patented the first algorithms for iris recognition in 1992.
John Gustav Daugman
The concept of using iris patterns for identification systems was initially proposed by ophthalmologists ___ and ___
Alphonse Bertillon and Frank Burch
Ophthalmologists Frank Burch introduced the idea of using iris patterns for individual recognition.
1936
Further developed this concept in 1985, asserting that no two irises are alike.
Drs. Leonard Flom and Aran Safir
The Defense Nuclear Agency in the United States commenced testing and delivering a prototype unit in ___,which was completed by 1995 through the joint efforts of Drs. Flom, Safir, and Daugman
1993
The Defense Nuclear Agency in the United States commenced testing and delivering a prototype unit in 1993, which was completed by ___ through the joint efforts of Drs. Flom, Safir, and Daugman
1995
The patent on Dr. Daugman’s “Iris Codes” implementation of iris recognition expired in ___.
2011
Iris patterns are described by an Iris Code, which captures phase information from the ___.
Phasors
A high-resolution image of the iris is captured using a specialized camera or scanner.
Iris Capture
The captured image is preprocessed to remove any noise or artifacts that may interfere with the identification process.
Preprocessing
The image is analyzed to extract unique features of the iris, such as the shape of the pupil, the texture of the iris, and the distribution of blood vessels.
Feature extraction
The extracted features are compared to a database of previously recorded iris images to determine a match. If a match is found, the identity of the person is confirmed, and access is granted.
Matching
Iris recognition can be used to identify criminals by matching their iris images with those stored in a database.
Identification of Criminals
Iris recognition can be used to enhance border control by identifying individuals who may pose a threat to national security.
Border Control
Iris recognition can be used for access control in high-security areas such as government buildings, military installations, and research facilities.
Access Control
