Midterm Flashcards
utility
greatest good for greatest number
autonomy
person’s rational capacity for self governance
nonmalficence
do not inflict harm
beneficence
we should do good to others
justice
what is fair or due
guardian ad litem
court appointed person who looks out for the best interests of a disabled person, minor, or person unfit to make their own decisions
good samaritan
person who acts in an emergceny situation to aid a victim is protected by law as longas they do not exceed parameters of their training
standard of care
‘reasonable’ person ideal; the ordinary skill and care that all medical practitioners must use, as determined by their state license or certification. It is the same level as others similarly trained, licensed, certified.
discovery rule
The Statute of Limitations begins ‘running’ when the problem is discovered or should have been discovered, which can be some time after the actual treatment.
prudent person rule
also called the Reasonable Person Standard, means that a HCP must provide information to a patient that a reasonable person would want before he or she makes a decision about treatment or refusal
paternalism/patient autonomy
usually rejected by kantian ethics
virtue ethics
if a physician cultivates honesty and fidelity, they will be more likely to keep promises to patients and maintain confidentiality.
rule utilitarianism
greatest amount of good is produced by stating a rule that a physician should treat all patients with care and sensivity when telling them the truth, or have a rule mandating strict adherence to confidentiality.
therapeutic privelege
withholding of relevant infomation from a patient when the physician believes that disclosure would likely do harm.
preponderance of the evidence
standard of proof in a civil case
beyond a reasonable doubt
standard of proof in a criminal case
constitution
supreme law of the land
stare decisis
let the decision stand
implied consent
A patient rolling up their sleeve to have a blood sample taken is an example of this.
informed consent
May be waived in the case of an emergency.
OCR
government organization that investigates a violation of a patinet’s medical privacy
HIPPA
1996 law designed to regulate issues relating to the privacy and confidentiality of PHI
competence
the ability to render sound decisions
tarasoff
patient confidentiality may be broken to protect another person from harm
wanglie
patient, or their legal representative, have the right to elf-determine their own care
bouvia
patients have a fundamental right to refuse medical treatment and those rights superseded the state’s interests. quality of life is a valid and essential consideration; and fulfilling the patient’s desire to refuse treatment was not equivalent to assisting the patient in committing suicide.
social ethics for research involving human subjects looks at these three areas…
social utility, respect for persons, and justice
stigma can be best defined as
negative social attribution placed on people because of their disability or illness
“the common rule” refers to
the legal rules protecting human subjects involved in research, but it is also generally thought to instantiate ethical principles promugalted in the Belmont report
chronic illnesses have different and more complex social dimensions than acute illnesses do. this is because chronic illnesses or disabilities do not follow the conventions of the sick role because chronic illnesses…
become part of a persons core social identities
blinding
procedure for ensuring that research subjects and researchers dont know which interventions the subjectss receive
clinical trial
scientific study designed to test a medical intervention in humans
randomization
assigning of subjects randomly to both experimental and control groups
placebo
inactive or sham treatment
one of the principal consequences of having noncitizen, immigrant parents with low levels of education and associated low levels of english language proficiency is the likelihood that…
their children will not have health insurance
Henry Beecher, a Harvard anesthesiologist, published what is considered the most important medical publication on ethics in the mid-twentieth century. this work…
is an account of twenty-two cases of medical research that ‘endangered the health and well-being of subjects without their knowledge or approval’.
the tuskeegee study
syphilis patients died untreated in the rural south to determine the autopsies what the disease did to the human body
UCLA Schizophrenia Study
double-blind study for over 12 weeks where subjects were taken off their medications to see how long before full-blown symptoms would return. the goal was to discover identifying characteristics and what discontinuing medication would do to the subjects so relapse could be observed.
human radiation experiments
thousands of subjects, without their consent and without being told of the potential dangers, were exposed from 1944 to 1974 through government-sponsored experiments. the advisory committee later determined that informed consent of all human subjects should be required, even if the research was classified.
Henrietta Lacks
permission was never obtained for a sample taken form subject which became a cell line used for extensive bio-medical research and them commodified in a multimillion-dollar industry.
based on the 2017 federal interagency forum on children and familiy statistics annual update on the status of children, it seems clear that health disparities among children differ among socioeconomic and racial ethnic groups because the current rates of _____________ were higher among African American and Puerto Rican children.
asthma
The Nuremberg Code was a result of the american military tribunal trying Nazi physicians. the military tribunal …
two of the above are correct:
one of the most notorious medical research cases post wwII involved,….
both of the above are true
this movement contends that many health-related factors previously attributed to culture or ethnicity also represent consequences of decisions about larger contects, including health care or food delivery systems, local politics, infrastructure, and the very definitions of illness and health
structural competency
one of the “concrete ways for health care professionals to become more structurally competent” is….
learn from social sciences and humanities disciples to be more aware of the ways racism is embedded. learn about implicit bias
it was not until this document was revised in 2013 that research on human tissues or biospecimens was addressed, noting (f)or medical research using identifiable human material or data, such as research on material or data contained in biobanks or similar repositories, physicians must seek informed consent for its collection, storage and/or reuse.
Declaration of Helsinki
