Midterm

Question 1

what is human development?

Answer 1

the ways people grow and change across the lifespan. includes biological, cognitive, psychological, and social functions.

Question 2

individualistic values

Answer 2

cultural values such as independence and self-expression

Question 3

collectivistic values

Answer 3

cultural values such as obedience and group harmony

Question 4

what are the 5 steps of the scientific method

Answer 4

1- identify a research question
2- form a hypothesis
3-choose research measurement and research design
4-collect data to test hypothesis
5- draw conclusion that lead to new questions and hypothesis

Question 5

Variables

Answer 5

something that can change ( score on a test ) used to determine if a change in one variable relates to change in another

Question 6

Independent variable (IV)

Answer 6

variable the experimenter manipulates to change the dependent variable

Question 7

Dependent Variable (DV)

Answer 7

The outcome that is measured to determine the impacts of changes in the independent variable

Question 8

Validity

Answer 8

The extent to which a measure actually assesses what it claims to measure

Question 9

Reliability

Answer 9

consistency of measures across different occasions

Question 10

Experimental condition

Answer 10

group of participants exposed to the treatment/ effect being studied

Question 11

Control condition

Answer 11

Group of participants NOT exposed to the treatment/ effect being studied, serve as a baseline of comparison for experimental condition

Question 12

Random Assignment

Answer 12

Participants assigned to experimental or control conditions randomly to ensure groups comparable

Question 13

non-random Assignment

Answer 13

assign participants to groups based on certain characteristics (to compare impact of treatment on different groups)

Question 14

closed question

Answer 14

participants choose between a set of provided answers

Question 15

open-ended question

Answer 15

participants can provide their own answers

Question 16

socially desirable responding

Answer 16

tendency of people to reply in a manner that will be viewed favourably by others

Question 17

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 17

observing people in real-life situations and recording data about their behaviour based on pre-determined criteria and variables of interest

Question 18

structured observations

Answer 18

observing people in an artificially created setting that is likely to elicit the behaviour of interest

Question 19

ecological validity

Answer 19

extent to which conclusions from research can provide information about behaviour in real-world settings

Question 20

EEG- electroencephalogram

Answer 20

measures electrical activity in the cerebral cortex

Question 21

FMRI- functional magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 21

uses a magnetic field to measure changes in blood oxygen in the brain to gauge activity during different kinds of stimulation

Question 22

Case studies

Answer 22

Detailed examination of one person or a small number of people

Question 23

Cross-sectional design

Answer 23

design where data is collected from people of different ages at a single point in time

Question 24

longitudinal design

Answer 24

the same group of people are followed over time, and data is collected from them on two or more occasions

Question 25

cohort Effect

Answer 25

differences between groups of people stemming from the fact they grew up in different cohorts

Question 26

Correlation

Answer 26

Relationship between two or more variables associated with change in another

Question 27

causation

Answer 27

change in one variable cause changes in another variable

Question 28

directionality problem

Answer 28

which of two correlated variables causes the other?

Question 29

Third- variable problem

Answer 29

a situation where an observed correlation between two variables can actually be explained by a third variable that hasn’t been accounted for

Question 30

confounds

Answer 30

distortion of the relationships between the independent and dependent variables because a third variable is associated with both

Question 31

DNA

Answer 31

long strands of cell material that store and transfers genetic material in all life forms

Question 32

Gene

Answer 32

Segment of DNA containing coded instructions forgrowth/functioning of an organism

Question 33

Genome

Answer 33

Entire store of an organism’s hereditary information;allofyourDNA

Question 34

Chromosome

Answer 34

Structure in the nucleus of cells containing pairs ofgenes. Genes are unpaired in the chromosomes of reproductive cells

Question 35

Alleles

Answer 35

Different forms of the same gene found on a pair ofchromosomes