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HKR 3360 Athletic Injuries > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

athletic therapy vs. physiotherapy

A

athletic therapists:

  • specialize in MSK disorder, orthopaedic injuries, and on field emergency care
  • usually for athletes and sports injuries

physios:

  • learn MSK disorders but also study other areas
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2
Q

what are athletic therapists responsible for?

A
  • injury prevention
  • clinical evalutation
  • rehab
  • emergency care
  • conditioning
  • applying protective equipment
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3
Q

unexposed injuries

A

any condition that does not break the skin

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4
Q

compression injuries

A

can include:

  • contusion
  • strains
  • sprains
  • bursitis
  • tendinopathy
  • dislocations
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5
Q

contusion

A

direct blow that causes damage to tissues

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6
Q

myositis ossificans

A

pieces of calcium that form in the muscle if there are repeated blows to the same area

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7
Q

strains

A

can be from micro or macrotrauma

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8
Q

sprains

A

a twist or excessive stress that results in stretching or tearing of stabilizing connective tissues

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9
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of the fluid filled sacs at the sites of bony prominences between muscle and tendon

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10
Q

tendinopathy

A

overuse of tendon (tendinitis or tendinosis)

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11
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon caused by overuse or repetitive motions

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12
Q

tendinosis

A

degradation of the tendon without inflammation

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13
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of tendon and its synovial sheath

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14
Q

dislocation

A

from forces causing the joint to go beyond its normal limit

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15
Q

exposed injury

A

any condition that goes outside the skin and exposes underlying tissues

  • abrasions
  • lacerations
  • punctures
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16
Q

fractures

A

interruptions of bone continuity

  • simple
  • compound
  • green stick
  • stress
  • comminuted
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17
Q

simple fracture

A

no or little displacement of bones

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18
Q

compound fracture

A

enough displacement that bone breaks through skin

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19
Q

green stick fracture

A

incomplete break in bone that is not ossified (children)

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20
Q

stress fracture

A

added stress out on the bone before it can adequately respond (too much training)

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21
Q

comminuted fracture

A

3 or more fragments

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22
Q

when to tape

A
  • injury prevention
  • acute injury management
  • return to activity
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23
Q

ankle injuries account for ___% of all emergency room load

A

12%

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24
Q

ankle sprains comprise ~ ___% of all sports injuries

A

14%

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25
Q

___% of ankle sprains are of the lateral ligaments. why?

A

95%

  • lateral malleolus extends further down than medial
  • stronger medial ligaments
  • talus is narrow posteriorly
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26
Q

degrees of ankle sprains

A

grade 1:

  • ligaments stretch

grade 2:

  • ligamanets tear slightly

grade 3:

ligaments completely tear

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27
Q

ankle treatment

A
  • P.I.E.R
  • R. I. C. E
  • ankle rehab
  • x-ray
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28
Q

when to x-ray an ankle injury?

A

inability to weight bare and walk for 4 steps

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29
Q

ankle injury prevention

A
  • proper footwear
  • taping
  • surface conditions
  • strengthening and flexibility
30
Q

dorsiflexion sprain

A

high ankle sprain

eversion

tenderness between tibia and fibula

31
Q

dorsiflexion sprain treatment

A
  • taping to prevent dorsiflexion
  • heel lift
  • casting or surgery
32
Q

ankle rehabilitation stages

A

stage 1:

  • PIER or RICE
  • control swelling and pain

stage 2:

  • PIER or RICE
  • moist heat
  • restore ROM

stage 3:

  • tape
  • functional exercise
  • continue first 2 stages
33
Q

achilles injuries

A
  • achilles tendinitis
  • achilles tendinosis
  • achilles tenosynovitis
34
Q

achilles tendinosis vs. tendinitis vs. tenosynovitis

A

tendinitis:

  • inflammation where the achilles tendon becomes filled with inflamed cells

tendinosis:

  • no evidence of inflammation. degeneration

tenosynovitis:

  • occurs in achilles tendon sheath
35
Q

achilles tendonitis eccentric loading routine

A
  • warmup tendon
  • achilles stretching
  • drop and stop exercises
  • repeat stretches
  • ice to cool down
36
Q

achilles rupture

A

thompson test:

  • used to determine if achilles is ruptured
  • squeezing calf muscle to see if heel moves
37
Q

exercise-induced leg pain

A
  • medial tibial stress syndrome
  • stress fractures
  • compartment syndrome
38
Q

medial tibial stress syndrome

A

irritation of the tibia at points where the soles and tibialis posterior attach to it

caused by overuse in runners and those who run on heard surfaces

39
Q

stress fractures

A
  • excessive pronation
  • poor running shoes
40
Q

compartment syndrome

A
  • increased pressure in muscle
  • can cause necrosis if not treated promptly
  • need fasciotomy
41
Q

factors in injury prevention

A
  • reduction in force
  • strength of body parts
  • screening of participants
42
Q

reduction of force

A
  • good equipment
  • taping
  • good technique
  • rules to prevent force
  • safe facilities
  • balanced opponents
43
Q

strengthening body parts

A
  • minimizes injuries
  • ensure no muscle imbalance
44
Q

screening of participants

A
  • physical exam
  • medical history
  • lifestyle
45
Q

controversy on icing

A
  • can decrease the activity of fibroblasts which are cells that help build and repair tissues
  • reduction in activity in these cells may inhibit the body’s ability to properly heal
46
Q

effects of acute icing

A
  • decrease pain
  • decrease muscle spasm
  • decrease metabolism
  • decrease circulation
47
Q

pain control with ice

A
  • 10 mins of cold application can decrease the excitability of the free nerve ending and peripheral nerve
  • must use caution due to loss of pain sensitivity
48
Q

cold and metabolism

A
  • cold slows metabolism in areas and decreases waste products that accumulate
  • leads to less cellular damage due to secondary tissue hypoxia
49
Q

secondary tissue hypoxia

A

-reflex vascular spasm due to trauma can result in decreased O2 to cells in injured area
- cells then die
- cold decreases metabolic rate and aerobic needs and reduces cell death

50
Q

cold and circulation

A
  • in first 10 mins, cold causes vasoconstriction and then a cyclic pattern of vasodilation and vasoconstriction (hunting repsonse)
  • decreased bleeding into injured tissues and decreased inflammation
51
Q

cold plunge claims

A
  • reduced inflammation
  • boost immunity
  • alleviate depression and anxiety
  • changes in hormones lasting hours
52
Q

concussion definition

A

sport-related concussion is a traumatic brain injury caused by direct blow to the head, neck, or body resulting in an impulsive force being transmitted to the brain

53
Q

concussion mechanisms

A

1) direct

  • blow causing direct trauma to the brain

2) indirect

  • trauma of the head/neck causes the brain to move and hit the walls of the skull (i.e. whiplash)
54
Q

concussion return to play protocol

A
  1. symptom limited activity
  2. light aerobic activity to increase heart rate 35%
  3. sport specific activity with no impact
  4. no contact training
  5. full contact after medical clearance
  6. game play
55
Q

concussion risks

A
  1. intracranial bleed
  • subdural hematoma (slow)
  • epidural hematoma (fast)
  • life threatening
  1. secondary impact syndrome
  • fatal brain swelling following minor head contact
  • occurs in those who had symptoms of previous concussion
  1. chronic traumatic encephalopathy
  • progressive degenerative disease of brain in those with repeated head trauam
  • memory loss, confusion, impaired judgement, aggression, etc.
56
Q

medial meniscus is affect in ___% of meniscus injuries. why?

A

medial

medial is not as mobile as the lateral and medial attaches to the MCL

57
Q

function of meniscus

A
  • mechanical spacers that contribute to joint stability
  • increase surface area contact on knee by 1/3
  • shock absorption
  • assist nutrition in the joint
  • help locking mechanism
58
Q

cause of meniscus tears

A
  • twisting
  • direct hit to knee
59
Q

osteochondritis dissecans

A

when you get a joint mouse (piece of cartilage or bone torn off from the main body which floats around)

60
Q

ACL Sprain/Tear

A

ACL keeps knee stable by preventing the tibia from sliding forward

caused by:

  • direct blow posteriorly to femur
  • plant and twist
  • over flexion
61
Q

PCL sprain/tear

A

PCL connects the anterior part of femur to the posterior part of tibia

62
Q

ACL/PCL tear tests

A

Lachmen and drawer test

63
Q

unhappy triad

A

tear of the:

  • medial collateral ligament
  • medial meniscus
  • ACL
64
Q

Medial collateral ligament injury

A
  • direct blow to lateral part of knee
  • or twist of knee
65
Q

Lateral collateral ligament injury

A
  • direct blow to medial part of knee
  • or twist
66
Q

MCL/LCL test

A

Valgus test

67
Q

patella dislocation

A

apprehension test

68
Q

patellofemoral pain

A
  • caused by degenerative arthritis or patella femoral stress syndrome
  • abnormal patella tracking in femoral groove
  • Q angle > 20 degrees
  • patellar compression test
69
Q

normal Q angle

A

males = 10
females = 15

70
Q

anatomical and hormonal factors on knee injuries

A
  1. intercondylar notch size
  2. pelvis size
  3. ligament laxity
  4. reflex time
  5. quads/hams strength ratio
  6. hormones

HKR 3360 Athletic Injuries (1 decks)

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