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GEOG 1110 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Open System

A

Energy and matter flow across boundaries (ie. the sun, the sea, the land)

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2
Q

Closed System

A

Energy and matter do not flow across different boundaries

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3
Q

Steady-State equilibrium

A

When energy and matter input = outputs

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4
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Fluctuates around increasing or decreasing trend

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5
Q

Métastable equalibrium

A

The reaction of a system to a major event
(An event which exceeds its threshold, shifting it to a new operational level/ equilibrium)

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6
Q

Insolation

A

Incoming solar radiation

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7
Q

Subsolar point

A

The location in which the sun is directly overtop of the earth

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8
Q

Circle of Illumination

A

The face of the earth that is illuminated by the sun

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9
Q

Season Definition

A

The annual changes in weather over the year

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10
Q

Season Causes (2)

A

The amount of energy and sunlight we receive
1. The angle the sun hits the earth
2. The number of hours we recieve light

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11
Q

Declination

A

The latitude of the subsolar point

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12
Q

Prime Meridian

A

Where time is measured from (UTC)
Located in Greenwich UK

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13
Q

Tropic of Cancer

A

Northern circle of latitude (June 20-21)

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14
Q

Tropic of Capricorn

A

Southern circle of latitude (December 21-22)

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15
Q

Characteristics of Radiation (4)

A
  1. Travels in a straight line
  2. Can be reflected, absorbed, transmitted
  3. Travels at the speed of light
  4. Electromagnetic waves come in different sizes
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16
Q

Energy Surplus

A

= temperature increase

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17
Q

Energy Deficit

A

= temperature decrease

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18
Q

Wind Chill

A

Indicates how fast heat is lost when there is wind blowing by to identify the ‘temp’ of heat loss
The wind chill you feel is due to increased latent heat lost by evaporation

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19
Q

Humidex

A

Indicates how hot it feels based on how easily it is for the body to cool itself via latent heat loss

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20
Q

Isotherm

A

A line joining points of equal temperature on a map
Winter = isotherm bends towards the equator
Summer = isotherm bends towards the poles

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21
Q

Heterosphere

A

80km above
Contains lighter gases in layers sorted by gravity

22
Q

Homosphere

A

0-80km above
Gasses are evenly blended

23
Q

Thermosphere

A

80km varies up to 1000km
Contains extreme UV light and high temperatures

24
Q

Mesosphere

A

50-80km altitude
Has the coldest atmosphere temperature

25
Q

Stratosphere

A

18-80km altitude
Temperature increases with height, air is stable
Ozone absorbs UV radiation -> warms the atmosphere

26
Q

troposphere

A

Surface - 18km above
Contains ~ 80% of mass of the atmosphere and about 99% of water vapour

27
Q

Top boundary of the spheres

A

“Pause”

28
Q

Exosphere

A

Very low density
Up to 10,000 km latitude

29
Q

Ionosphere

A

Electronically charged ions
Absorbs charged gamma rays and UV rays

30
Q

Ozonosphere

A

Absorbs UV energy and converts it to heat warms the atmosphere
NOT GLOBAL WARMING

31
Q

Ozonosphere Cycle

A

A continuous cycle of destroying and creating ozone while absorbing UV radiation
O3 -> UV -> O2 -> O -> UV -> O3 -> repeat

32
Q

Ozone depletion

A

Concentrations of O3 decreasing in the stratosphere due to pollutants (chlorine and bromine)
CLO + O3 + UV + CL + 2O2
CL + O3 + UV -> CLO + O2

33
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

Solar Radiation passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed at the Earth’s surface
Absorption of longwave radiation (earth’s surface emits longwave radiation and gets absorbs by greenhouse gas) causes the atmosphere to warm

34
Q

Atmospheric Window

A
  1. Completely natural
  2. It keeps the earth warm (ie. without it we would freeze and die
  3. The window can be closed by clouds
35
Q

Air Pollution

A

Airborne particle and gasses that occur in concentrations that endanger that health and well being of organisms or distributed the functioning of the environment

36
Q

Particulates

A

PM10 / PM2.5
Microscopic solids or liquids suspended in the air

37
Q

Particulate Sources

A

Dust, Forests, Sea Spray, Burning Fossil Fuels, Road Dust

38
Q

Particulate Problems

A

Gets deep into the lungs and blood stream, can’t get coughed out, carries toxins
Respiratory disease, heart attacks, premature death

39
Q

Carbon Monoxide Sources

A

Photochemical reactions, incomplete combustion of fossil fuels

40
Q

Carbon Monoxide Problems

A

Poisonous!

41
Q

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) Sources

A

Formaldehyde, glue, forests, new carpets, car fresheners

42
Q

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) Problems

A

Eye, nose, throat, lung irritation, cancer

43
Q

Nitrogen Oxides Sources

A

Fossil Fuel Combustion, fertilizers, natural

44
Q

Nitrogen Oxides Problems

A

Respiratory disease, heart conditions, creates smog, acid rain, affects ozone layer

45
Q

Suffer Oxides Sources

A

Fossil fuel conditions, refinery, cement plants

46
Q

Sulfur Oxides Problems

A

Respiratory disease, heart conditions, creates acid rain

47
Q

Ground level Ozone Problems

A

UV radiation + NOX + VOC’s
Irritates eyes and lungs, long term health issues, decreases crop yield, tree growth and damages plants, poisonous!
Main components of smog

48
Q

Secondary PM2.5

A

Problems: gets deep into the lungs and blood stream, can’t get coughed out, carries toxins. Respiratory disease, heart attacks, premature death
Forms: in the atmosphere and in the presence of SOx, NOx, VOC’s, NH’s (ammonia)

49
Q

Photochemical Smog Problems

A

Eye, nose, throat, lung irritation, respiratory disease, short life span, long term health problems.
It is a major issue in urbanized areas

50
Q

Acid Deposition Forms and Sources

A

Forms = nitrogen and sulfure oxides
Sources = carbon exhaust, coal burning

51
Q

Acid Deposition Problems

A

Vegetation: Kills trees, damages plants reduces crop yields
Aquatic life: damages/ kills fish, reduces fertility/ calcium carbonate skeletons (coral)
Soils: changes coil chemistry and biology, damages limestone and marble

GEOG 1110 (1 decks)

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