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GEOG 1110 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Open System

A

Energy and matter flow across boundaries (ie. the sun, the sea, the land)

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2
Q

Closed System

A

Energy and matter do not flow across different boundaries

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3
Q

Steady-State equilibrium

A

When energy and matter input = outputs

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4
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Fluctuates around increasing or decreasing trend

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5
Q

Métastable equalibrium

A

The reaction of a system to a major event
(An event which exceeds its threshold, shifting it to a new operational level/ equilibrium)

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6
Q

Insolation

A

Incoming solar radiation

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7
Q

Subsolar point

A

The location in which the sun is directly overtop of the earth

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8
Q

Circle of Illumination

A

The face of the earth that is illuminated by the sun

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9
Q

Season Definition

A

The annual changes in weather over the year

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10
Q

Season Causes (2)

A

The amount of energy and sunlight we receive
1. The angle the sun hits the earth
2. The number of hours we recieve light

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11
Q

Declination

A

The latitude of the subsolar point

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12
Q

Prime Meridian

A

Where time is measured from (UTC)
Located in Greenwich UK

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13
Q

Tropic of Cancer

A

Northern circle of latitude (June 20-21)

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14
Q

Tropic of Capricorn

A

Southern circle of latitude (December 21-22)

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15
Q

Characteristics of Radiation (4)

A
  1. Travels in a straight line
  2. Can be reflected, absorbed, transmitted
  3. Travels at the speed of light
  4. Electromagnetic waves come in different sizes
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16
Q

Energy Surplus

A

= temperature increase

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17
Q

Energy Deficit

A

= temperature decrease

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18
Q

Wind Chill

A

Indicates how fast heat is lost when there is wind blowing by to identify the ‘temp’ of heat loss
The wind chill you feel is due to increased latent heat lost by evaporation

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19
Q

Humidex

A

Indicates how hot it feels based on how easily it is for the body to cool itself via latent heat loss

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20
Q

Isotherm

A

A line joining points of equal temperature on a map
Winter = isotherm bends towards the equator
Summer = isotherm bends towards the poles

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21
Q

Heterosphere

A

80km above
Contains lighter gases in layers sorted by gravity

22
Q

Homosphere

A

0-80km above
Gasses are evenly blended

23
Q

Thermosphere

A

80km varies up to 1000km
Contains extreme UV light and high temperatures

24
Q

Mesosphere

A

50-80km altitude
Has the coldest atmosphere temperature

25
Stratosphere
18-80km altitude Temperature increases with height, air is stable Ozone absorbs UV radiation -> warms the atmosphere
26
troposphere
Surface - 18km above Contains ~ 80% of mass of the atmosphere and about 99% of water vapour
27
Top boundary of the spheres
“Pause”
28
Exosphere
Very low density Up to 10,000 km latitude
29
Ionosphere
Electronically charged ions Absorbs charged gamma rays and UV rays
30
Ozonosphere
Absorbs UV energy and converts it to heat warms the atmosphere NOT GLOBAL WARMING
31
Ozonosphere Cycle
A continuous cycle of destroying and creating ozone while absorbing UV radiation O3 -> UV -> O2 -> O -> UV -> O3 -> repeat
32
Ozone depletion
Concentrations of O3 decreasing in the stratosphere due to pollutants (chlorine and bromine) CLO + O3 + UV + CL + 2O2 CL + O3 + UV -> CLO + O2
33
Greenhouse Effect
Solar Radiation passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed at the Earth’s surface Absorption of longwave radiation (earth’s surface emits longwave radiation and gets absorbs by greenhouse gas) causes the atmosphere to warm
34
Atmospheric Window
1. Completely natural 2. It keeps the earth warm (ie. without it we would freeze and die 3. The window can be closed by clouds
35
Air Pollution
Airborne particle and gasses that occur in concentrations that endanger that health and well being of organisms or distributed the functioning of the environment
36
Particulates
PM10 / PM2.5 Microscopic solids or liquids suspended in the air
37
Particulate Sources
Dust, Forests, Sea Spray, Burning Fossil Fuels, Road Dust
38
Particulate Problems
Gets deep into the lungs and blood stream, can’t get coughed out, carries toxins Respiratory disease, heart attacks, premature death
39
Carbon Monoxide Sources
Photochemical reactions, incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
40
Carbon Monoxide Problems
Poisonous!
41
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) Sources
Formaldehyde, glue, forests, new carpets, car fresheners
42
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) Problems
Eye, nose, throat, lung irritation, cancer
43
Nitrogen Oxides Sources
Fossil Fuel Combustion, fertilizers, natural
44
Nitrogen Oxides Problems
Respiratory disease, heart conditions, creates smog, acid rain, affects ozone layer
45
Suffer Oxides Sources
Fossil fuel conditions, refinery, cement plants
46
Sulfur Oxides Problems
Respiratory disease, heart conditions, creates acid rain
47
Ground level Ozone Problems
UV radiation + NOX + VOC’s Irritates eyes and lungs, long term health issues, decreases crop yield, tree growth and damages plants, poisonous! Main components of smog
48
Secondary PM2.5
Problems: gets deep into the lungs and blood stream, can’t get coughed out, carries toxins. Respiratory disease, heart attacks, premature death Forms: in the atmosphere and in the presence of SOx, NOx, VOC’s, NH’s (ammonia)
49
Photochemical Smog Problems
Eye, nose, throat, lung irritation, respiratory disease, short life span, long term health problems. It is a major issue in urbanized areas
50
Acid Deposition Forms and Sources
Forms = nitrogen and sulfure oxides Sources = carbon exhaust, coal burning
51
Acid Deposition Problems
Vegetation: Kills trees, damages plants reduces crop yields Aquatic life: damages/ kills fish, reduces fertility/ calcium carbonate skeletons (coral) Soils: changes coil chemistry and biology, damages limestone and marble

GEOG 1110 (1 decks)

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