Midterm Flashcards
Psychodynamic Approaches
Psychoanalytic Therapy
Adlerian Therapy
Experimental and Relationship-Oriented Therapies
Existential Therapy
Person-Centred Therapy
Gestalt Therapy
Psychoanalytic Therapy
Founder: Sigmund Freud.
A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to the events of the first six years of life as determinants of the later development of personality.
Adlerian Therapy
Founder: Alfred Adler.
Key Figure: Rudolf Dreikurs.
Following Adler, Dreikurs is credited with popularizing this approach in the United States. This is a growth model that stresses assuming responsibility, creating one’s own destiny, and finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life. Key concepts are used in most other current therapies.
Existential Therapy
Key Figures: Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, and Irvin Yalom.
Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one’s life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic relationship.
Person-Centered Therapy
Founder: Carl Rogers.
Key Figure: Natalie Rogers.
This approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a subjective view of human experience, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns.
Gestalt Therapy
Founders: Fritz and Laura Perls.
Key Figures: Miriam and Erving Polster.
An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration; it grew as a reaction against analytic therapy. It integrates the functioning of body and mind and places emphasis on the therapeutic relationship.
Cognitive Behavior Approaches
Behavior therapy
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
choice therapy/ reality therapy
behavior therapy
Key figures: B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, and Marsha Linehan.
This approach applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral problems. Results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this approach are always in the process of refinement. The mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches are rapidly gaining popularity.
cognitive behavior therapy
Founders: Albert Ellis and A. T. Beck.
Ellis founded rational emotive behavior therapy, a highly didactic, cognitive, action-oriented model of therapy. Beck founded cognitive therapy, which gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Judith Beck continues to develop cognitive behavior therapy (CBT); Christine Padesky has developed strengths-based CBT. Donald Meichenbaum, who helped develop cognitive behavior therapy, has
Choice Therapy/Reality Therapy
Founder: William Glasser. Key Figure: Robert Wubbolding.
This short-term approach is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. Through the therapeutic process, clients are able to learn more effective ways of meeting their needs.
System and Postmodern Approaches
Feminist therapy
postmodern approaches
family systems therapy
Feminist Therapy
This approach grew out of the efforts of many women, a few of whom are Jean Baker Miller, Carolyn Zerbe Enns, Lillian Comas-Diaz, Thelma Bryant-Davis, and Laura Brown. A central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women. Focusing on the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated, this approach explores women’s identity development, self-concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-being.
Postmodern Approaches
A number of key figures are associated with the development of these various approaches to therapy. Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg are the cofounders of solution-focused brief therapy. Michael White and David Epston are the major figures associated with narrative therapy. Social constructionism, solution-focused brief therapy, narrative therapy, and motivational interviewing all assume that there is no single truth; rather, it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that clients are the experts in their own life.
family systems therapy
A number of significant figures have been pioneers of the family systems approach, two of whom are Murray Bowen and Virginia Satir. This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family.
The person of the psychotherapist
- inextricably intertwined with the outcome of psychotherapy
- Clients place more value on the personality and character of the therapist than on the specific techniques used. Indeed, evidence-based psychotherapy relationships are critical to the psychotherapy endeavor
contextual factors
the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extra-therapeutic factors—are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome
Personal Characteristics of Effective Counselors
healthy boundaries
passionate
deeply involved in work and take meaning from it
good interpersonal skills
interest in the welfare of others
appreciate influence of culture
make mistakes and admits them
sense of humour
authentic
sincere
honest
life oriented choices
open to change
respect and appreciate themselves have an identity
personal therapy contributes to the therapist’s professional work in three ways:
(1)
as part of the therapist’s training, personal therapy offers a model of therapeutic practice in which the trainee observes a more experienced therapist at work and learns experientially what is helpful or not helpful;
(2)
a beneficial experience in personal therapy can further enhance a therapist’s interpersonal skills, which are essential to skillfully practicing therapy; and
(3)
successful personal therapy can contribute to a therapist’s ability to deal with the ongoing stresses associated with clinical work.
bracketing
Managing your personal values so they do not contaminate the counseling process
Value imposition
counselors directly attempting to define a client’s values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
Religious and spiritual values can foster
- increased social belonging, connection, and support.
- Counselors can use this important cultural lens in case conceptualization, developing treatment goals, and selecting appropriate interventions
Religious Recommendations
Consider religion and spirituality as a potentially significant aspect of the client’s identity. Explore the client’s history, values, and commitment to religion and spirituality as part of the intake session and the informed consent process.
Incorporate the client’s religious and spiritual values and worldview in psychotherapy as requested and when clinically indicated. Follow the client’s lead when incorporating these beliefs and practices.
When a client’s treatment goals include not only symptoms remission but also spiritual development, integrating the client’s religious and spiritual values in therapy is a treatment of choice.
Customize treatment when working with clients whose religious and spiritual values are an influential force in their daily life. It is important to assess clients’ preferences and accommodate treatment accordingly.
Practice respect and cultural humility when discussing clients’ religious worldviews and practices.
Becoming a competent multicultural practitioner involves
cultural awareness
cultural knowledge
cultural skills
ethical obligation
understand these cultural differences and to assist clients in making decisions that are congruent with their worldview, not to live by the therapist’s values.
Diversity-competent practitioners
understand their own cultural conditioning, the cultural values of their clients, and the sociopolitical system of which they are a part.
a conceptual framework for competencies and standards in multicultural counseling that address three areas:
(1)
beliefs and attitudes,
(2)
knowledge, and
(3)
skills.
Practical Guidelines in Addressing Culture
Learn more about how your own cultural background has influenced your thinking and behaving. Take steps to increase your understanding of other cultures.
Identify your basic assumptions, especially as they apply to diversity in culture, ethnicity, race, gender, class, age, spirituality, religion, and sexual orientation. Think about how your assumptions are likely to affect your professional practice.
Examine where you obtained your knowledge about culture.
Remain open to ongoing learning of how the various dimensions of culture may affect therapeutic work. Realize that this skill does not develop quickly or without effort.
Be willing to identify and examine your own personal worldview and any prejudices you may hold about other racial/ethnic groups.
Learn to pay attention to the common ground that exists among people of diverse backgrounds.
Be flexible in applying the methods you use with clients. Don’t be wedded to a specific technique if it is not appropriate for a given client.
Remember that practicing from a multicultural perspective can make your job easier and can be rewarding for both you and your clients.
Countertransference
includes any of our projections that influence the way we perceive and react to a client
therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs): walsh
promote wellness for individuals:
physical activity and exercise
nutrition and diet
time in nature
relationships
recreation
religious or spiritual involvement
service to others.
Mandatory ethics
a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice.
aspirational ethics
doing what is in the best interests of clients.
Positive ethics
approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum ethical and legal standards to stay out of trouble
Steps in Making Ethical Decisions
Identify the problem or dilemma
Identify the potential issues
Look at the relevant ethics codes for general guidance on the matter
Consider the applicable laws and regulations, and determine how they may have a bearing on an ethical dilemma.
Seek consultation from more than one source to obtain various perspectives on the dilemma, and document
Brainstorm various possible courses of action
Enumerate the consequences of various decisions, and reflect on the implications of each course of action for your client.
follow up to evaluate the outcomes and to determine whether further action is necessary. Document the reason for the actions you took as well as your evaluation measures.
Informed consent
the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it.
Confidentiality
an ethical concept, and in most states it is the legal duty of therapists not to disclose information about a client.
Privileged communication
a legal concept that protects clients from having their confidential communications revealed in court without their permission
In determining when to breach confidentiality
therapists must consider…
the requirements of the law
the institution in which they work
the clientele they serve.
circumstances in which information must legally be reported by counselors:
When the therapist believes a client under the age of 16 is the victim of incest, rape, child abuse, or some other crime
When the therapist determines that the client needs hospitalization
When information is made an issue in a court action
When clients request that their records be released to them or to a third party
