Midterm Flashcards
Psychodynamic Approaches
Psychoanalytic Therapy
Adlerian Therapy
Experimental and Relationship-Oriented Therapies
Existential Therapy
Person-Centred Therapy
Gestalt Therapy
Psychoanalytic Therapy
Founder: Sigmund Freud.
A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to the events of the first six years of life as determinants of the later development of personality.
Adlerian Therapy
Founder: Alfred Adler.
Key Figure: Rudolf Dreikurs.
Following Adler, Dreikurs is credited with popularizing this approach in the United States. This is a growth model that stresses assuming responsibility, creating one’s own destiny, and finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life. Key concepts are used in most other current therapies.
Existential Therapy
Key Figures: Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, and Irvin Yalom.
Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one’s life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic relationship.
Person-Centered Therapy
Founder: Carl Rogers.
Key Figure: Natalie Rogers.
This approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a subjective view of human experience, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns.
Gestalt Therapy
Founders: Fritz and Laura Perls.
Key Figures: Miriam and Erving Polster.
An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration; it grew as a reaction against analytic therapy. It integrates the functioning of body and mind and places emphasis on the therapeutic relationship.
Cognitive Behavior Approaches
Behavior therapy
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
choice therapy/ reality therapy
behavior therapy
Key figures: B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, and Marsha Linehan.
This approach applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral problems. Results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this approach are always in the process of refinement. The mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches are rapidly gaining popularity.
cognitive behavior therapy
Founders: Albert Ellis and A. T. Beck.
Ellis founded rational emotive behavior therapy, a highly didactic, cognitive, action-oriented model of therapy. Beck founded cognitive therapy, which gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Judith Beck continues to develop cognitive behavior therapy (CBT); Christine Padesky has developed strengths-based CBT. Donald Meichenbaum, who helped develop cognitive behavior therapy, has
Choice Therapy/Reality Therapy
Founder: William Glasser. Key Figure: Robert Wubbolding.
This short-term approach is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. Through the therapeutic process, clients are able to learn more effective ways of meeting their needs.
System and Postmodern Approaches
Feminist therapy
postmodern approaches
family systems therapy
Feminist Therapy
This approach grew out of the efforts of many women, a few of whom are Jean Baker Miller, Carolyn Zerbe Enns, Lillian Comas-Diaz, Thelma Bryant-Davis, and Laura Brown. A central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women. Focusing on the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated, this approach explores women’s identity development, self-concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-being.
Postmodern Approaches
A number of key figures are associated with the development of these various approaches to therapy. Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg are the cofounders of solution-focused brief therapy. Michael White and David Epston are the major figures associated with narrative therapy. Social constructionism, solution-focused brief therapy, narrative therapy, and motivational interviewing all assume that there is no single truth; rather, it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that clients are the experts in their own life.
family systems therapy
A number of significant figures have been pioneers of the family systems approach, two of whom are Murray Bowen and Virginia Satir. This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family.
The person of the psychotherapist
- inextricably intertwined with the outcome of psychotherapy
- Clients place more value on the personality and character of the therapist than on the specific techniques used. Indeed, evidence-based psychotherapy relationships are critical to the psychotherapy endeavor
contextual factors
the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extra-therapeutic factors—are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome
Personal Characteristics of Effective Counselors
healthy boundaries
passionate
deeply involved in work and take meaning from it
good interpersonal skills
interest in the welfare of others
appreciate influence of culture
make mistakes and admits them
sense of humour
authentic
sincere
honest
life oriented choices
open to change
respect and appreciate themselves have an identity
personal therapy contributes to the therapist’s professional work in three ways:
(1)
as part of the therapist’s training, personal therapy offers a model of therapeutic practice in which the trainee observes a more experienced therapist at work and learns experientially what is helpful or not helpful;
(2)
a beneficial experience in personal therapy can further enhance a therapist’s interpersonal skills, which are essential to skillfully practicing therapy; and
(3)
successful personal therapy can contribute to a therapist’s ability to deal with the ongoing stresses associated with clinical work.
bracketing
Managing your personal values so they do not contaminate the counseling process
Value imposition
counselors directly attempting to define a client’s values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
Religious and spiritual values can foster
- increased social belonging, connection, and support.
- Counselors can use this important cultural lens in case conceptualization, developing treatment goals, and selecting appropriate interventions
Religious Recommendations
Consider religion and spirituality as a potentially significant aspect of the client’s identity. Explore the client’s history, values, and commitment to religion and spirituality as part of the intake session and the informed consent process.
Incorporate the client’s religious and spiritual values and worldview in psychotherapy as requested and when clinically indicated. Follow the client’s lead when incorporating these beliefs and practices.
When a client’s treatment goals include not only symptoms remission but also spiritual development, integrating the client’s religious and spiritual values in therapy is a treatment of choice.
Customize treatment when working with clients whose religious and spiritual values are an influential force in their daily life. It is important to assess clients’ preferences and accommodate treatment accordingly.
Practice respect and cultural humility when discussing clients’ religious worldviews and practices.
Becoming a competent multicultural practitioner involves
cultural awareness
cultural knowledge
cultural skills
ethical obligation
understand these cultural differences and to assist clients in making decisions that are congruent with their worldview, not to live by the therapist’s values.
Diversity-competent practitioners
understand their own cultural conditioning, the cultural values of their clients, and the sociopolitical system of which they are a part.
a conceptual framework for competencies and standards in multicultural counseling that address three areas:
(1)
beliefs and attitudes,
(2)
knowledge, and
(3)
skills.
Practical Guidelines in Addressing Culture
Learn more about how your own cultural background has influenced your thinking and behaving. Take steps to increase your understanding of other cultures.
Identify your basic assumptions, especially as they apply to diversity in culture, ethnicity, race, gender, class, age, spirituality, religion, and sexual orientation. Think about how your assumptions are likely to affect your professional practice.
Examine where you obtained your knowledge about culture.
Remain open to ongoing learning of how the various dimensions of culture may affect therapeutic work. Realize that this skill does not develop quickly or without effort.
Be willing to identify and examine your own personal worldview and any prejudices you may hold about other racial/ethnic groups.
Learn to pay attention to the common ground that exists among people of diverse backgrounds.
Be flexible in applying the methods you use with clients. Don’t be wedded to a specific technique if it is not appropriate for a given client.
Remember that practicing from a multicultural perspective can make your job easier and can be rewarding for both you and your clients.
Countertransference
includes any of our projections that influence the way we perceive and react to a client
therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs): walsh
promote wellness for individuals:
physical activity and exercise
nutrition and diet
time in nature
relationships
recreation
religious or spiritual involvement
service to others.
Mandatory ethics
a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice.
aspirational ethics
doing what is in the best interests of clients.
Positive ethics
approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum ethical and legal standards to stay out of trouble
Steps in Making Ethical Decisions
Identify the problem or dilemma
Identify the potential issues
Look at the relevant ethics codes for general guidance on the matter
Consider the applicable laws and regulations, and determine how they may have a bearing on an ethical dilemma.
Seek consultation from more than one source to obtain various perspectives on the dilemma, and document
Brainstorm various possible courses of action
Enumerate the consequences of various decisions, and reflect on the implications of each course of action for your client.
follow up to evaluate the outcomes and to determine whether further action is necessary. Document the reason for the actions you took as well as your evaluation measures.
Informed consent
the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it.
Confidentiality
an ethical concept, and in most states it is the legal duty of therapists not to disclose information about a client.
Privileged communication
a legal concept that protects clients from having their confidential communications revealed in court without their permission
In determining when to breach confidentiality
therapists must consider…
the requirements of the law
the institution in which they work
the clientele they serve.
circumstances in which information must legally be reported by counselors:
When the therapist believes a client under the age of 16 is the victim of incest, rape, child abuse, or some other crime
When the therapist determines that the client needs hospitalization
When information is made an issue in a court action
When clients request that their records be released to them or to a third party
Assessment
consists of evaluating the relevant factors in a client’s life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process.
diagnosis
which is sometimes part of the assessment process, consists of identifying a specific mental disorder based on a pattern of symptoms.
evidence-based practice (EBP)
the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences”
Dual or multiple relationships
either sexual or nonsexual, occur when counselors assume two (or more) roles simultaneously or sequentially with a client.
Ways of Minimizing Risk of multiple relationships
Set healthy boundaries early in the therapeutic relationship. Informed consent is essential from the beginning and throughout the therapy process.
Involve clients in ongoing discussions and in the decision-making process, and document your discussions. Discuss with your clients what you expect of them and what they can expect of you.
Consult with fellow professionals as a way to maintain objectivity and identify unanticipated difficulties. Realize that you don’t need to make a decision alone.
When multiple relationships are potentially problematic, or when the risk for harm is high, it is always wise to work under supervision. Document the nature of this supervision and any actions you take in your records.
Self-monitoring is critical throughout the process. Ask yourself whose needs are being met and examine your motivations for considering becoming involved in a dual or multiple relationship.
boundary crossing
a departure from a commonly accepted practice that could potentially benefit a client.
deterministic
According to Freud, our behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological and instinctual drives as these evolve through key psychosexual stages in the first six years of life.
life instincts.
serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race; they are oriented toward growth, development, and creativity.
death instincts
At times, people manifest through their behavior an unconscious wish to die or to hurt themselves or others.
unconscious includes the following:
(1)
dreams, which are symbolic representations of unconscious needs, wishes, and conflicts;
(2)
slips of the tongue and forgetting, for example, a familiar name;
(3)
posthypnotic suggestions;
(4)
material derived from free-association techniques;
(5)
material derived from projective techniques; and
(6)
the symbolic content of psychotic symptoms.
Reality anxiety
the fear of danger from the external world, and the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the degree of real threat.
neurotic anxiety
the fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause the person to do something for which she or he will be punished.
moral anxiety
the fear of one’s own conscience.
ego defence mechanisms
help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed
psychosexual stages
oral
anal
phallic
psychosocial stages
erik erikson
individuals need to master at intervals from infancy through old age.
Classical psychoanalysis
id psychology
It holds that instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factors shaping personality development (both normal and abnormal).
Contemporary psychoanalysis
ego psychology
does not deny the role of intrapsychic conflicts but emphasizes the striving of the ego for mastery and competence throughout the human life span.
aim of psychodynamic approach
fostering clients’ capacities to cope with and solve their own problems
Ultimate goal in psychoanalytic treatment
increase adaptive functioning, which involves the reduction of symptoms and the resolution of conflicts
blank screen appraoch
anonomous non judgemental stance
transference relationship
clients making projections to the therapist
central functions of analysis
acquire freedom to love, work, and play
free association
- no self censoring
- fundamental rule
- whatever comes to mind
psychodynamic psychotherapy
shortening and simplifying psychoanalysis
transference
the client’s unconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings, attitudes, and fantasies (both positive and negative) that are reactions to significant figures who played important roles during the developmental process.
countertransference
when therapists respond in irrational ways, or when they lose their objectivity in a relationship because their own conflicts are triggered.
Psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapy differs from traditional psychoanalysis in these ways:
The therapy has more limited objectives than restructuring one’s personality.
The therapist is less likely to use the couch.
There are fewer sessions each week.
There is more frequent use of supportive interventions such as reassurance, expressions of empathy and support, and suggestions.
There is more emphasis on the here-and-now relationship between therapist and client.
There is more latitude for therapist self-disclosure without “polluting the transference.”
Less emphasis is given to the therapist’s neutrality.
There is a focus on mutual transference and countertransference enactments.
The focus is more on pressing practical concerns than on working with fantasy material.
The six basic techniques of psychoanalytic therapy are
1)
maintaining the analytic framework,
(2)
free association,
(3)
interpretation,
(4)
dream analysis,
(5)
analysis of resistance, and
(6)
analysis of transference.
maintaining the analytic frame
a whole range of procedural and stylistic factors…
the analyst’s relative anonymity
maintaining neutrality and objectivity
the regulari
ty and consistency of meetings
starting and ending the sessions on time
clarity on fees
basic boundary issues such as the avoidance of advice giving or imposition of the therapist’s values
Dreams have two levels of content:
latent
manifest
individuation
carl jung
the harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality—is an innate and primary goal
latent dreams
hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, and fears.
analytical psychology
carl jung
human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion
manifest dreams
the dream as it appears to the dreamer
Jung referred to the collective unconscious
the deepest and least accessible level of the psyche
jung on dreams
prospective: they help people prepare themselves for the experiences and events they anticipate in the near future.
compensatory function: working to bring about a balance between opposites within the person.
objects relation theory
encompasses the work of a number of rather different psychoanalytic theorists who are especially concerned with investigating attachment and separation. They emphasize how our relationships with other people are affected by the way we have internalized our experiences of others and set up representations of others within ourselves.
object relations
interpersonal relationships as these are represented intrapsychically, and they influence our interactions with the people around us.
relational psychodynamic model
assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist.
Adler believed that the individual begins to form an approach to life…
in the first 6 years of life
Adler stressed…
choice and responsibility
meaning in life
striving for success, completion, and perfection.
movement towards
emotions: shyness
behaviours: attention dependant and seeking
Disorders: Some uses of separation anxiety; disinhibited social engagement disorder; histrionic personality disorder; dependent personality disorder; some uses of borderline personality disorder.
movement against
emotions: frustration
Behaviours: anger outburst and impulsivity
disorders: Selective mutism; conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder; narcissistic personality disorder; some uses of borderline personality disorder; paranoid personality disorder.
movement against self
emotion: personal disappointment
behaviours: self harm
disorders:Anorexia, bulimia; body dysmorphic disorder; trichotillomania; excoriation.
movement away from
emotion: sadness
Behaviour: depersonalization
Disorders: Some forms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); some uses of separation anxiety; reactive attachment disorder; avoidant personality disorder; selective phobias; social anxiety disorder; schizophrenia; schizoid personality disorder; schizotypal personality disorder; schizoaffective disorder; acute stress disorder; and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Ambivalent Movement
Emotions: fear
Behaviour: hesitation
Disorders: Panic disorder; generalized anxiety disorder; dissociative identity disorder; dissociative amnesia; passive aggressive personality disorder; obsessive compulsive personality disorder.
style of living
Adlers personality: each person’s style includes a life aim or goal, a personal law of movement, and the individual’s opinion, assessment, and evaluation of self and the problems or tasks of life that must be faced.
fictional finalism
we will never reach a goal of perfection, the goal is, of course, fictional, a guiding ideal that serves as a final endpoint off in the distance.
private logic
It is thinking about self, others, and life as if the only thing that matters is the individual.
Adler identified five psychological positions, or vantage points, from which children tend to view life:
oldest
second of only two
middle
youngest
only
first-order change
addressing and managing severe symptoms, but the real aim of therapy is to help people live more adaptive lives, replacing maladaptive patterns of coping and living with more socially useful patterns.
psychological muscles
the exercise of responsibility, cooperation, respect for self and others, and courage in the daily approach to the life tasks
Adlerian counseling is structured around four central objectives that correspond to the four phases of the therapeutic process
Establish the proper therapeutic relationship.
Explore the psychological dynamics operating in the client (an assessment).
Encourage the development of self-understanding (insight translated into action).
Help the client make new choices (reorientation and reeducation).
Maniacci and Sackett-Maniacci (2019) suggest working toward these goals during the educational process of therapy:
Foster social interest and community feeling
Help clients overcome feelings of discouragement and inferiority
Modify clients’ lifestyle in the direction of becoming more adaptive, flexible, and social
Change faulty motivation
Encourage equality and acceptance of self and others
Help individuals become contributing members of the world community
objective adlerian interview
(a)
how problems in the client’s life began;
(b)
any precipitating events;
(c)
a medical history, including current and past medications;
(d)
a social history;
(e)
the reasons the client chose therapy at this time;
(f)
the person’s coping with life tasks; and
(g)
a lifestyle assessment.
How does Adlers theory help in the school setting
- understand students in their totality
- think about behaviour teleologically
- provide appropriate encouragement
- ## foster empathetic students
logo therapy
frankl: therapy through meaning
frankl’s approach:
existential
existential therapy
a way of thinking, or an attitude about psychotherapy, more than it is a particular style of practicing psychotherapy.
focuses on exploring themes such as mortality, meaning, freedom, responsibility, anxiety, and aloneness as these relate to a person’s current struggle.
existential tradition
seeks a balance between recognizing the limits and tragic dimensions of human existence on one hand and the possibilities and opportunities of human life on the other hand
