Midterm Flashcards
What is the process of determining the priority of need and the proper order of treatment in critically ill or injured animals?
Triage
In-Hospital triage consists of 4 classifications: what are they?
Catastrophic
Critical
Urgent
Less serious
Normal mentation means?
Alert and interactive
Dull/depressed mentation means?
Interactive but not bright and eager
Obtunded mentation means?
Reacts to stimuli but at a much slower pace.
Stuporous mentation means?
Disconnected, reacts only to noxious stimuli (needle poke)
Comatose mentation means?
Fails to react to any stimuli
TBI means?
Traumatic Brain Injury
TBI signs are?
(5)
Abrupt changes in mentation
Changes in pupil size, symmetry and response.
Altered gait or posture
Evidence of head trauma
Low heart rate
What PE findings may be strongly indicative that a traumatic brain injury has occurred?
Low heart rate
A “Snappy” pulse indicates?
Animal may be anemic.
Peripheral pulses are not palpable when the mean arterial pressure is less than?
60mm Hg
Tachypnea may indicate decreased blood oxygen, thoracic trauma, shock or metabolic alkalosis. T or F?
True
A restrictive breathing pattern is?
Fast and shallow often indicating broken ribs or pleural effusion.
If MM are blue, purple or dusky it means?
Immediately start to supplement oxygen.
If MM are brick red, brown or mottled pink/purple/red it may indicate?
Carbon monoxide, heat stroke, or sepsis.
If MM are yellow it means?
High bilirubin
If MM are white it means?
Vasoconstriction (shock) or chronic anemia.
Borborygmi detected during thoracic auscultation may indicate a diaphragmatic hernia. T or F?
True
Shock can be defined as?
Impaired oxygen delivery to the tissues.
What are clinical signs of shock?
(5)
Dull mentation
Tachycardia
Weak pulses
Pale mucous membranes
Tachypnea.
Early or Compensated shock can be depressed or anxious, tachycardia, tachypnea, pulse quality variable, Hyperglycemic. T or F?
True
Untreated or decomposed shock is hypoglycemia altered mental status, pale mucous membranes, weak pulse, severe tachycardia. T or F?
True
Forms of shock are?
(5)
Hypovolemic
Distributive
Obstructive
Cardiogenic
Septic
What is the most common form of shock?
Hypovolemic
Aggressive fluid therapy is contraindicated in what type of shock?
Cardiogenic
SIRS stands for?
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Following resuscitation from shock reperfusion may initiate?
Production of oxygen-free radicals during a widespread inflammatory response.
What are the most commonly used crystalloids?
Isotonic Solutions
-25% left within vascular space after 1 hour, remainder move to ISF, you need to give ___ml(s) to get __ ml(s) increase in IVF.
4, 1
The shock dose of crystalloids for dogs is?
90ml/kg/hr
Shock does for crystalloids in cats is?
45-60ml/kg/hr
Coagulopathy and dehydration are 2 common indications for blood transfusion. T or F?
False (Coagulopathy yes, dehydration no)
Chronic anemia with a PCV of less than 12-15% with physical exam abnormalities may indicate the need for a blood transfusion. T or F?
True
Characteristics of an ideal feline blood donor include?
(3)
Current on vaccinations, Screened for transmissible diseases, at least 10lbs.
How many separate blood types are there for dogs?
8
Most cats have what blood type?
A
The standard blood collection from a donor dog or cat is?
15mls/kg
A vagus mediated arrest can occur in patients experiencing?
Severe vomiting
Endotracheal intubation and ventilation with an ambu bag with room air provided?
21% oxygen
When bagging a patient with oxygen during CPCR, you should provide a longer time for inspiration than expiration (approx 4:1). T or F?
False
Thoracic pump chest compressions should be used on animals that weigh over 7kg. T or F?
True
The presence of ECG complexes with no cardiac contractions to generate a pulse is termed?
Pulseless electrical activity
What is indicated in the treatment of ventricular fibrillation?
Electrical Defibrillation.
The recommended setting for electrical defibrillation is?
2-4 Joules/kg
Serial Neurologic should be done hourly on post arrest patients. This can be achieved by?
Pupillary light response testing.
Acute renal failure is common in the post-arrest patient. What is the best way to monitor renal function?
Placement of a urinary catheter to quantify urine output.
When monitoring patients on fluids urine output is an important consideration. The normal urine production for a healthy animal?
1-2ml/kg/hr
Which breed of dog is very prone to urinate stones?
Dalmations
In general, the urine specific gravity for a healthy hydrated dog should be approx?
1.030
The glomeruli of both kidneys must be nonfunctional to what degree before the serum chemistry changes?
- 70
What term refers to sugar in the urine?
Glycosuria
A polydipsic cat demonstrates?
Increased drinking.
What is not a risk factor for gastric dilation - volvulus?
Rapid ingestion of food, exercise after feeding, fat added to the food.
What is not a classic clinical sign of gastric dilation - volvulus?
Increased appetite
What emergency condition commonly presents “comma” or “tear drop” shaped intraluminal gas bubbles on abdominal radiographs?
Linear foreign body
“Wind up” pain is?
A perceived increase in pain intensity over time due to repeated pain stimulus.
Most cases of epilepsy are most commonly first diagnosed in dogs between what age?
6 months and 5 years
Indications for blood and plasma transfusion is?
(4)
Trauma
Surgical bleeding
Coagulopathy
Intracavitary bleeding
What % of acts are blood type A?
90%
What is the uncommon blood type in cats?
B (purebreds)
What is the rare blood type in cats?
AB (universal recipient)
1ml/lb (2ml/kg) = increase of HCT by 1%, give in <4hr to decrease bacterial contamination. T or F?
True
Adverse transfusion reactions are?
Immunologic
Signs of adverse transfusion reactions are? (10)
Restless - Incontinence
Muscle tremors - Convulsions
Nausea - Facial Edema
Fever - Urticaria/itchiness
Tachypnea - Tachycardia
TACO means?
Transfusion associated circulatory overload.
Dyspnea means?
Abnormal breathing effort
Tachypnea means?
Increased resp rate
Bradypnea means?
Decreased resp rate
Orthopnea means?
Difficulty breathing except in upright position
Hyperpnea means?
Abnormal increase in depth and rate of resp
Apnea means?
Stop breathing
What is used to remove excess fluid in pulmonary edema?
Furosemide
What is the term for harsh, high pitched respiratory sound?
Stridor
Oxygen care is excellent for?
Fractious cats
NAVEL means?
Naloxone, Atropine, Vasopressin, Epinephrine, Lidocaine
Hyperventilating the animal can lead to constriction of the cerebral blood vessels and decreased perfusion of the brain which will cause more neurologic damage. T or F?
True
You cant feel the heart is mean pressure is?
40mm Hg
Pupil size and responsiveness to light are indicators of?
Prognosis
Hepatopathy means?
Decreased Albumin production
What is a high pH caused by excessive loss of hydrogen ions?
Metabolic Alkalosis
Types of Uroliths are? (3)
Calcium oxalate
Struvite
Urate
What is the most common type of stone in cats?
Calcium oxalate
Acute renal failure signs? (8)
Lethargic
Vomiting
Collapse
Abdominal pain
Renomegaly
No urine production
Tachycardia
Oral ulcers
What are clinical signs of diabetes mellitus? (4)
PU/PD
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Cataracts (in dogs)
Increase blood glucose results in?
Glycosuria
Paresis means?
A loss of ability to support weight or inability to generate a gait.
Paralysis means?
The complete loss of voluntary movement.
Tetraparesis/plegia is?
All 4 limbs affected
Paraparesis/plegia is?
Pelvic limbs affected
Hemiparesis/plegia is?
Limbs on one side affected
