Midterm

Question 1

Deterrence

Answer 1

The use of threats and promises to keep someone from doing something they would do otherwise; stopping something before it starts.

Question 2

Threats vs promises

Answer 2

Promise implies an improvement in one’s baseline of expectations

Question 3

immediate deterrence

Answer 3

deterrence for the homeland; deterring someone from attacking your country

Question 4

extended deterrence

Answer 4

deterring for an ally

Question 5

Compellance

Answer 5

the use of threats and punishment to get someone to stop doing what they’re doing

Question 6

coercion

Answer 6

Involving cooperation (ugly but still cooperating); focuses on enemy interests; tools of coercion: fear, pain, and suffering.You’re using your enemies interests against them by inflicting harm on things they care about, usually people.

Question 7

Brute force

Answer 7

About destruction, not persuasion; focused on capabilities rather than interest

Question 8

Rational

Answer 8

using the best means to a given end, stable hierarchical preferences, cost/benefit calculation, governed by logic

Question 9

strategy

Answer 9

when your best move depends on my best move

Question 10

dispositional explanation

Answer 10

uses someone’s character, values, beliefs, personality, preferences, perceptions, to account for that person’s behavior—something internal to that person

Question 11

situational explanation

Answer 11

attributing behavior to environment/situation—anyone in this situation would do the same thing

Question 12

Hawks

Answer 12

someone who favors threats over promises (sticks over carrots); think their adversaries tend to be revisionists; surest road to peace is to have lots of weapons

Question 13

doves

Answer 13

Promises over threats (carrots over sticks); adversaries tend to be status quo (means you can reason with them); be able to defend yourself with defensive weapons, but also be willing to negotiate

Question 14

cognitive bias

Answer 14

a systematic bias generated from how people process information; a mistake; it’s unintended and interferes with accurate judgment

Question 15

motivated bias

Answer 15

a bias that serves a purpose other than reality appraisal; Ex: wishful thinking/wanting something to be true

Question 16

egocentric bias

Answer 16

we are the center of other peoples’ concerns and everybody thinks like us (naive realism or objectivity illusion)

Question 17

confirmatory attributions

Answer 17

expected behavior → dispositional explanations, and unexpected behavior → situational explanations

Question 18

necessary is possible

Answer 18

A policy becomes possible, not based on an honest assessment of its feasibility but because it’s necessary to pursue that policy; you persuade yourself that this policy is possible because it has to succeed.

Question 19

belief system

Answer 19

a set of interconnected hypotheses about the way the world works, or about the way parts of the world works

Question 20

bias

Answer 20

deviation from some standard

Question 21

security dilemma

Answer 21

Pertains to status quo states when increasing the security of one diminishes the security of the other; when 2 status quo states view each other as threats

Question 22

military doctrine

Answer 22

the way your forces are organized for war

Question 23

prisoner’s dilemma

Answer 23

A situation where everyone has an incentive to be selfish, but all would be worse off if everyone acted on that incentive

Question 24

norms

Answer 24

provide a shared expectation about behavior that involves a standard of right or wrong, or appropriate/inappropriate

Question 25

regulative effect

Answer 25

helps one know what is appropriate; tells you how you ought to behave; not rules, but it is what’s expected

Question 26

constitutive effect

Answer 26

helps define who one is & how one behaves; adhere to a norm, not based on a cost/benefit calculation, but it’s just who you are

Question 27

permissive/shadow effect

Answer 27

an unintended consequence of a norm; if a norm prohibits one type of behavior, it might legitimize another type of behavior that’s just as odious

Question 28

liberal peacebuilding

Answer 28

the promotion of democracy, market-based economic reforms, and a range of other institutions associated with ‘‘modern’’ states as a driving force for building ‘‘peace”

Question 29

confirmation bias

Answer 29

look for and see information that confirms your beliefs; discount things that disconfirm your beliefs