midterm Flashcards by Khloe P

What are the 11 organ systems?

Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

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Skeletal System function/organs:

Function:
- Provide support & protection
- Form blood
Organs:
- Bones
- Joints

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Cardiovascular Functions/Organs:

Function:
- Transport nutrients, wastes, and gases
Organs:
- Hearts
- Veins
- Blood

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Digestive Function/Organs:

Function:
- Processes foods
- Absorbs nutrients
Organs:
- Stomach
- Liver
- Gallbladder

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Endocrine Function/Organ:

Function:
- Releases hormones
- Directs other systems
Organs:
- Pancreas
- Adrenal glands
- Thyroid gland

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Integumentary Function/Organ:

Function:
- Protect against hazards
- Produces hair
Organs:
- Skin
- Hair follicles
- Sweat glands

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Lymphatic Function/Organ:

Function:
- Defend against infections
Organs:
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Thymus

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Muscular Function/Organ:

Function:
- Allow movement
- Produce heat
Organs:
- Muscles
- Tendons

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Nervous Function/Organ:

Function:
- Direct stimuli response
- Coordinate activities in systems
Organs:
- Brain
- Spinal cord

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Reproductive Function/Organ:

Function:
- Produce cells & hormones
Organs:
- Testes
- Ovaries
- Uterus

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Respiratory Function/Organ:

Function:
- Gas exchange
Organs:
- Alveoli
- Pharynx
- Trachea

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Urinary Function/Organ:

Function:
- Eliminate liquid waste
Organs:
- Kidneys
- Bladder
- Urethra

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What does homeostasis do?

Maintains internal conditions
- Temperature
- Blood Sugar levels
Utilizes negative feedback

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What is negative feedback?

Variation goes outside of normal limits and triggers an automatic response that will correct it

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Examples of negative feedback

Blood sugar rises and pancreas releases insulin to return blood sugar level back to normal
When someone gets dehydrated their blood becomes thicker, kidneys will stop producing urine so water from the urine is redirected to the blood
If calcium in blood decreases, the parathyroid gland will secrete a hormone to release calcium from bones to bloodstream

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What is positive feedback?

A stimulus produces a response that reinforces the stimulus

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Examples of positive feedback

Rapid growth during puberty causes release of more hormones
When tissue is injured they release chemicals to activate platelets to stop bleeding, platelets then release more chemicals to activate more platelets

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What is posterior?

Back of the bodh

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What is anterior?

Front of the body

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What are the four abdominal quadrants?

Right upper, Right lower, Left upper, Left lower

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What is Superior?

Towards the head/up

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What is inferior?

Towards the feet/down

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What is proximal?

Closer to point of attachment
Ex: Olecranon is proximal to carpals

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What is distal?

Farther from point of attachment
Ex: Metacarpals are distal to the carpals

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What is medial?

Closer to the midline Ex: Abdomen is medial to the otic

What is lateral?

Further from the midline Ex: Brachial is lateral to the orbitals

What is ventral?

Front of the body Ex: Thoracic is ventral to the lumbar

What is Dorsal?

On the back of the body Ex: Popliteal is dorsal to the femoral

What is Cranial?

Toward the head

What is Caudal?

Toward the tailbone

What plane divides the body in half vertically dividing the anterior from the posterior?

Frontal plane

What plane divides the body in half vertically down the midline?

Sagittal Plane

What plane divides the body horizontally dividing the top from the bottom?

Transverse plane

What are the four kinds of tissue?

- Epithelial - Connective - Muscular - Nueral

What are characteristics of epithelial tissue?

- Covers exposed surfaces - Line internal passageways and chambers - Produce gland secretions - Avascular - Basement membrane - Apical cells

What are functions of epithelial tissue?

- Physical protection - Permeability control - Specialized secretions

What is an exocrine secretion?

Secretion onto body surface Ex: Sweat

What is an endocrine secretion?

Secretion into neighboring tissues and blood Ex: hormones

How do you classify epithelial tissue?

Number of layers - Simple(1 layer) - Stratified(multiple layers) Cell shape - Squamous(flat) -Cuboidal(cube) -Columnar( tall column)

What are the components of connective tissue?

- Specialized cells - Extracellular matrix

What are the functions of connective tissue?

- Structural framework - Fluid transport - Protection - Fat storage

Types of connective tissue

- Connective tissue proper - Fluid connective tissue - Supporting connective tissue

Types of connective tissue proper

Loose Areolar, Adipose, dense, & reticular: - Fibers create a loose open framework - Provide cushion/support Dense: Fibers densely packed

Types of fluid connective tissue

Blood: - Contained in the cardiovascular system - Transport nutrients, gases, etc Lymph: - Contained in the lymphatic system - Immunity

Types of Supporting Connective Tissue

Cartilage Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, & Elastic: - Solid/Rubbery matrix - Cushioning - Flexible Bone: - Solid/Crystalline matrix - Supports/Protects - Stores Calcium/Minerals

Order of negative feedback loop:

Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response

The shaft of a long bone is called the

Diaphysis

A bone that has the same width, length, and height is the

Short bone

The osteon includes...

A central haversian canal carrying a blood vessel Concentric lamellae of matrix Osteocytes in lacunae

Blood cell destroyers are called

Osteoclasts

Blood cell builders are called

Oseteoblasts

The connective tissue layer that wraps around long bones is called

Periosteum

What types of bones are these? Frontal Humerus Vertebrae Tarsals

Flat Long Irregular Short

Solid strong bone on the outside that is made of osteons is called

Compact bone

Slightly moveable joints are called

Ampiarthrosis

The first stage of fracture repair is when the bone fills with blood at the sight of injury, which is called

Hematoma

The floating ribs are named because

They have no anterior attachment

The vertebral column contains how many of each vertebra

7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar

True or False? The bones you have right now are the same you will have when you die

False

True or False? The first thing that forms during a fracture is an external callus

False, it is a hematoma

True or False? On average, women lose more bone mass than men

True

True or False? Thoracic vertebrae have facets for ribs

True

Movement away from the body

Abduction

Turning palm to be facing up

Supination

Movement decreasing the angle of two bones

Flexion

Two ways you can maintain good bone health

- Exercise - Diet with calcium

One way your bones are different from birth to adulthood

A baby skull grows harder and loses the fontanels

Describe differences in a male pelvis vs. female pelvis

Female pelvises are shallower and wider, male pelvises are narrow and longer

Function of the sternocleidomastoid

Turns the head

Function orbicularis oculi

Blinking

The function of orbicularis oris

Puckering lips

Function of frontalis

Raises eyebrows

Function of temporalis

Help masseter with chewing

Function of the masseter

Main chewing muscle

Function of zygomaticus

Smile muscle

Function of occipitalis

Move head up

Function of trapezius

Shrug shoulders

Function of buccinator

Helps talk

Function of depressor anguli oris

Frown muscle

Function of platysma

Protects underlying muscles

True or false? Neurons can send and receive signals

True

True or False? Muscle tissue is specialized to shorten or contract

True

True or False? All epithelial cells have an extracellular matrix

False

True or False? Pseudostratified tissue stretches

False, transitional stretches and Pseudostratified secretes

True or False? Lymph is an example of connective tissue

True

Filtration, secretion, and absorption are important functions of which tissue

Epithelial

Composed of a nonliving extracellular matrix, important in protection and support

Connective tissue

Contains an apical surface that is exposed to an environment

Epithelium

What tissue lines the digestive tract

Epithelium

Blood is an example of this tissue

Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue has a...

Basement membrane

What muscle cell is involuntarily controlled and contains intercalated disks for rapid conduction of impulses?

Cardiac

What tissue contains a large amount of matrix?

Connective

What is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue

Supports the nervous system

What muscle cells have no striations and are found in the uterus?

Smooth muscle

The brain cannot store this tissue

Adipose

All tendons consist of what tissue?

Dense connective

A soft packing tissue with a soft fluid matrix

Areolar

Cells that help the nervous system send electrical impulses

Neuroglia

Has a high content of hard calcium salts

Osseous

Articulation with no movement

Synarthroses

Articulation with free movement

Diarthroses