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physio lab > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

regulates body activities by responding rapidly using
nerve impulses

A

nervous system

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2
Q

responsible for our perceptions,
behaviors, and memories, and it initiates all voluntary movements

A

nervous system

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3
Q

one of the smallest and yet the most complex of all the
body system

A

nervous system

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4
Q

two main subdivisions of the nervous system

A

the central nervous system
the peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE
two types of cells

A

neurons
neuroglia

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6
Q

Special senses

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium

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7
Q

Contains nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm,
organelles such as lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi complex.

A

Cell Body

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8
Q

a yellow to brown pigment that occurs in aging neurons is a product of neuronal lysosomes.

A

lipofuscin

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9
Q

includes neurofibrils providing cell shape and support while
microtubule assists in moving materials between cell body & axon.

A

cytoskeleton

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10
Q

the site for CHON synthesis
contains free ribosomes and clusters of rough ER

A

Nissl bodies

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11
Q

used to replace cellular components, material
for growth of neurons, and regenerate axons in the PNS

A

CHONS

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12
Q

a neuronal process that receives or input portions of neuron.
Contains numerous receptor sites for binding chemical messenger from other cells.

A

Dendrites

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13
Q

a neuronal process that propagates nerve impulse toward another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland.

A

Axon

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14
Q

a cone shaped elevation of the cell body that joins with
the axon

A

axon hillock

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15
Q

the part of the axon closest to the hillock. AP arise in the junction of axon hillock and __________ known as the trigger zone.

A

initial segment

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16
Q

the cytoplasm of the axon. No rough ER, No CHON synthesis.

A

axoplasm

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17
Q

the plasma membrane in the axon

A

axolemma

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18
Q

the side branches

A

axon collaterals

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19
Q

the fine processes when axon and collaterals divides.

A

axon terminals (telodendria)

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20
Q

the site of communication between neurons or between a neuron and effector cells.

A

synapse

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21
Q

the tips of axon terminals with swollen bumps called
varicosities.

A

synaptic end bulbs

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22
Q

contains tiny membrane-enclosed sacs that stores
neurotransmitters.

A

synaptic vesicles

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22
Q

Structural Classes of Neuron

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

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23
Q

Have several or many dendrites and one axon
Most common type in brain and spinal cord

A

Multipolar

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24
Q

> Have one dendrite and one axon
Example: in retina of eye and inner ear

A

Bipolar

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25
Q

> Have fused dendrite and axon
Sensory neurons of spinal nerves

A

Unipolar

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26
Q

a neuron which has only one extension from its cell body.

A

Pseudounipolar neuron

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27
Q

Functional Classes of Neuron

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
Interneurons (association neurons)

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28
Q

forms an action potential in its axon and theaction potential is conveyed into the CNS through cranial orspinal nerves.

A

Sensory (afferent)

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29
Q

convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) in the periphery (PNS)through cranial or spinal nerves.

A

Motor (efferent)

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30
Q

integrate (process) incoming sensory information from sensory neurons and then elicit a motor response by activating the appropriate motor neurons.

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

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31
Q

cells that help in sustaining neurons

A

Neuroglia CNS
Neuroglia PNS

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32
Q

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

A

Neuroglia CNS

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33
Q

Schwann cells Satelite cells

A

Neuroglia PNS

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33
Q

four lobes of the Brain

A

frontal lobe,
parietal lobe,
temporal lobe, and
occipital lobe

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34
Q

can be found at the front of the head, it occupies the biggest portion of the brain.

A

frontal lobe

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35
Q

located in the upper middle part of the brain

A

parietal lobe

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36
Q

located in the sides of the brain

A

temporal lobe

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37
Q

found in the back part of the brain

A

occipital lobe

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38
Q

a C-shaped region that crosses brain hemispheres within the cortex, including portions of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. Controls emotions like
happiness, sadness, and love

A

Limbic Lobe

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39
Q

major parts of the brain

A

Brain stem
Diencephalon
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Cranial meninges

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40
Q

continuous with spinal cord
Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

A

Brain stem

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41
Q

superior to brain stem
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

A

Diencephalon

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42
Q

largest part and most superior

A

Cerebrum

42
Q

Surface covered with gray matter

A

cortex

43
Q

posterior and inferior
Means “little brain”

A

Cerebellum

44
Q

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

A

Cranial meninges

45
Q

major parts of the spinal cord

A

Cervical (neck)
Thoracic (chest)
Lumbar (lower back)

46
Q

five regions of the spinal cord

A

8 cervical (neck)
12 thoracic (chest)
5 lumbar (abdominal)
5 sacral (pelvic)
1 coccygeal (tailbone) segment

46
Q

coordinates reflexes, transmits sensory data from the body to the brain, and transmits motor commands from the brain to the body.

A

Cervical (neck)

47
Q

carry information from the brain to the major organs,
including the heart, liver, lungs, and small intestine.
The thoracic spine and rib cage work as a barrier to safeguard the heart and lungs.
The middle and upper back are where the thoracic spine is located

A

Thoracic (chest)

48
Q

it is linked with brain by the lumbar spine. The spinal cord
relays nerve messages back and forth from the brain to the body. It can
experience feelings and move the body

A

Lumbar (lower back)

49
Q

protective tissues of meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

49
Q

Layers of tissue that covers the spinal cord.

A

meninges

50
Q

The outer layer that protects your spinal cord from injury.

A

Dura mater

51
Q

The inner layer that covers your spinal cord.

A

Pia mater

51
Q

The middle layer between the epidural and subarachnoid space.

A

Arachnoid mater

52
Q

space between the dura
mater and arachnoid mater

A

epidural space

53
Q

between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

A

subarachnoid space

54
Q

provides extra cushioning and protection for your spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

54
Q

a procedure where the providers need to insert a needle into the subarachnoid space to test CSF
for certain infections.

A

spinal tap

55
Q

may serve as a route of
administration for drugs used in implantable pain management treatments

A

intrathecal space

56
Q

action governed by the cranial nerves
(smell)(I)

A

sensory (olfactory nerve - CN I)

57
Q

action governed by the cranial nerves
(vision)(II)

A

sensory (optic nerve - CN II)

58
Q

action governed by the cranial nerves
(control of eye movements)(III)

A

motor (oculomotor nerve - CN III)

58
Q

action governed by the cranial nerves
(control of eye movements)(IV)

A

motor (trochlear nerve - CN IV)

59
Q

action governed by the cranial nerves
(mixed)(General sensory & Motor)(V)

A

both (trigeminal nerve - CN V)

60
Q

action governed by the cranial nerves
(mixed)(Special sensory (taste) from anterior of tongue
Motor to muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and some salivary glands)(VII)

A

both (facial nerve - CN VII)

61
Q

action governed by the cranial nerves
(control of eye movements)(VI)

A

motor (abducens nerve - CN VI)

61
Q

action governed by the cranial nerves
(special sensory, ear)(VIII)

A

sensory (vestibulocochlear nerve - CN VIII)

62
Q

action governed by the cranial nerves
(mized)
Sensory for posterior of tongue, pharynx, and palate; blood pressure
Motor to pharyngeal muscles (swallowing), salivary gland (parotid) (IX)

A

both (glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX)

63
Q

action governed by the cranial nerves
(mixed) (the major parasympathetic nerve)
Sensory from pharynx, ear, diaphragm, visceral organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities
Motor to palatal and pharyngeal muscles (swallowing and voice); to viscera in thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

both (vagus nerve - CN X)

64
Q

action governed by the cranial nerves
motor to voluntary muscles including
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius (move head, shoulders)(XI)

A

motor (spinal accessory nerve - CN XI)

65
Q

action governed by the cranial nerves
motor to tongue (swallowing and speech)(XII)

A

motor (hypoglossal nerve - CN XII)

66
Q

relays sensory information

A

dorsal (or posterior) root

67
Q

relays motor information.

A

ventral (or anterior) root

68
Q

Regional divisions

A

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygea

69
Q

5 cardinal signs and symptoms

A

redness (rubor)
pain (dolor)
heat (calor)
swelling (tumor)
loss of function (functio laesa)

70
Q

-a non-specific, defensive process of the body to tissue damage.
-an attempt to dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury

A

INFLAMMATION

71
Q

prime symptom of inflammation

due to inflammation,joints and muscles might feel pain.In particular,the inflamed areas maybe sensitive to touch

A

Pain (Dolor)

72
Q

due to inflammation,there is more blood flow to the area

A

Heat (Calor)

73
Q

as the blood flow more to the inflamed area, the blood vessels of the area will be filled withmore blood than normal.Due to which the inflamed area will appear red in the color.

A

Redness (Rubor)

74
Q

the primary cause of swelling is accumulated fluid in the tissues or outside the blood vesseleither in a particular area or throughout the body.

A

Swelling (tumor)

75
Q

the immobility may result from the pain that restrains movement or from severe swelling thatkeeps the movement in the area

A

Loss of function (functio laesa)

76
Q

harmful pathogens of tissue injury (cause)

A

acute inflammation

76
Q

TYPES OF INFLAMMATION

A

ACUTE
CHRONIC

77
Q

pathogens that the body cannot break down including some types of viruses, foreign bodies, that remain in the system, or overreactive immune responses (cause)

A

chronic inflammation

78
Q

duration of acute inflammation

A

few days

79
Q

duration of chronic inflammation

A

months to years

80
Q

two classes of microbial inducers

A

pathogen
virulence factors

81
Q

subdivide into two classes; microbial and non-microbial exogenousinducers

A

Exogenous inducers

82
Q

associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) which are carried by all microorganisms

A

pathogen

83
Q

trigger the inflammatory response due to the effects of their activity.

A

virulence factor

84
Q

include allergens, toxic compounds, irritants, and foreign bodies that are too large to be digested or cause phagosomal damage in macrophages

A

Non-Microbial

85
Q

signals released by tissues that are either dead,damaged,malfunctioned,or stressed. Two large groups - infectious factors and the non-infectious factors

A

Endogenous inducers

86
Q

category includes bacteria,viruses, and other microorganisms

A

Infectious factors

87
Q

due to physical injuries such as frostbite,burn, physical injury, foreignbodies, trauma,ionizing radiation,chemical compounds such as glucose, fatty acids,toxins, alcohol,and chemical irritants such as nickel and other trace elements.

A

Non-Infectious factors

88
Q

A variety of chemical mediators from circulation system, inflammatory cells, and injured tissue actively contribute to and adjust the inflammatory response include (1) vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, (2)peptide (e.g., bradykinin), and (3) eicosanoids (e.g., thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins)

A

mediators

89
Q

mediators

A

histamine
Kinins
Prostaglandins (PGs)
Leukotrienes (LTs)
Complement

90
Q

polypeptide formed from inactive kininogens, induce vasodilation andincreased permeability and serve chemotactic agents for phagocytes

A

kinins

91
Q

mast cells in connective tissue and basophils and platelets in bloodrelease histamine.Neutrophils and macrophages attracted to the site of injury alsostimulate the release of histamine, which causes vasodilation and increasedpermeability of blood vessels

A

histamine

92
Q

lipids especially those of the E series intensify the effects ofhistamine and kinins. Also stimulate the emigration of phagocytes through capillarywalls

A

Prostaglandins (PGs)

93
Q

increased permeability; function in adherence of phagocytes to pathogens and as chemotactic agents and attract phagocytes

A

Leukotrienes (LTs)

93
Q

stimulate histamine release, attract neutrophils by chemotaxis, andpromote phagocytosis;some components also destroy bacteria

A

Complement

94
Q

pharmacologic management

A

Corticosteroids
Biologic drugs
Antimalarial medications
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

95
Q

aspirin, ibuprofen,or naproxen

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

96
Q

Home remedies

A

Quit smoking
Limit alcohol
Keep a healthy weight§ Manage stress
Get regular physical activity
Supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids,white willow bark,curcumin, green tea,or capsaicin.Magnesium and vitamins B6,C, D, and E also have some anti-inflammatory effects.Talk with your doctor before starting any supplement.

97
Q

NON-PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT

A

Home remedies
Surgery

physio lab (1 decks)

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