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Concepts > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Aims of Nursing

A
  1. Promoting Health: maximizing pts individual strengths
  2. Preventing Illness: reduce risk of illness, promote good health habits, maintain optimal functioning
  3. Restoring Health: focus is on individual with illness
  4. Facilitating coping with disability and death: facilitate optimal level of functioning
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2
Q

How does nursing qualify as a profession?

A
  • defined body of specific and unique knowledge
  • strong service orientation
  • recognized authority
  • code of ethics
  • professional organization that sets standards
  • ongoing research
  • autonomy
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3
Q

Nursing Standards

A

standards created by ANA that all nurses carry out professional roles that protect nurse, pt, and institution

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4
Q

QSEN

A

goal: address the challenge of preparing future nurses with the knowledge skill and attitudes (KSAs) needed to continuously improve the quality and safety of health care systems in which they work

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5
Q

What are current trends in nursing?

A
  • nursing shortage
  • aging population
  • consumer demands
  • increased number of pts
  • advances in technology, science, information
  • chronic illness
  • EBP(evidenced based practice)
  • changing demographics and increasing diversity
  • cost of heath care
  • health policy and regulation
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6
Q

Normal Vital Signs(temp., pulse, respirations, blood pressure, O2)

A

temp: 96.4-99.5 F
pulse: 60-100
respirations: 12-20
blood pressure: 120/80
O2: 94-100%

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7
Q

What are the 3 sources of Nursing Knowledge(traditional, authoritative, scientific)?

A

traditional: not based on evidence, passed down from generation to generation
authoritative: comes from an expert/someone experienced, accepted truth based on persons experience
scientific: scientific method of research

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8
Q

General System theory

A

how system functions and structure; break things apart to see how they work together/relationship to one another

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9
Q

Adaption theory

A

commonly used to describe how those with chronic illness/disability “adjust” to new normal baseline

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10
Q

Developmental theory

A

orderly and predictable pattern of growth and development from conception to death

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11
Q

What do all nursing theories have?

A

person, environment, health, nursing

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12
Q

What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative data?

A

quantitative: involves numbers
qualitative: based on the belief that reality is based on perceptions that differ for each person and change over time

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13
Q

Steps of Implementing evidence based practice

A
  1. be curious
  2. ask PICO(T)
    P: pt/population/problem of interest
    I: Intervention
    C: comparison of interest
    O: outcome of interest
    T: time(sometimes)
  3. find best evidence
  4. critically appraise
  5. integrate
  6. evaluate
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14
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of basic human needs

A
  1. physiologic needs: most basic; basic things needed for life
  2. safety and security needs: protection from actual/potential harm
  3. love and belonging needs: understanding and acceptance of themselves and others
  4. Self esteem needs: feeling good about oneself, accomplishment, pride
  5. self actualization: most specific; theoretical: pt reflects on their life (deep abstract feelings)
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15
Q

Types of families(nuclear, extended, blended, single parent)

A
  • nuclear family: traditional 2 parents, 2 kids; contemporary 2+ in the household
  • extended family: other family members besides the ones you live with
  • blended family: step-parents/kids
  • single parent
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16
Q

Risk factors for altered family health

A
  • lifestyle risk factors
  • physiological: divorce
  • environmental: rural, urban
  • developmental: neonates and old people needs are more and affect family dynamics
  • biologic risks
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17
Q

Thoughtful practice

A

nursing practice that is considerate and compassionate

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18
Q

QSEN competencies

A
  • person-centered care
  • teamwork and collaboration
  • evidence-based practice
  • quality improvement
  • safety
  • informatics: computer/technology
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19
Q

critical thinking

A

reasoning both inside and outside of clinical setting

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20
Q

clinical reasoning and decision making

A

refer to process used to think about pt problems in clinical setting

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21
Q

clinical judgement

A

analyzing information after critical thinking, clinical reasoning and decision making

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22
Q

nursing process

A
  1. assess: collecting, validating and communicating pt data
  2. diagnosis: analyzing pt data to identify pt(potential and actual medical problems
  3. planning: specifying pt outcomes and related nursing interventions
  4. implementing: carrying out the plan of care
  5. evaluating: measuring extent to which pt achieved outcomes
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23
Q

Pt and nurse benefits of using nursing process

A

pt benefits: scientifically based holistic individualized pt care, continuity of care, clear, efficient, cost-effective, plan of action

nurse befits: work collaboratively, satisfaction of making a difference, opportunity to grow professionally

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24
Q

reflection in action

A

happens in the here and now

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25
Q

reflection on action

A

occurs after the fact and involves thinking though a situation

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26
Q

factors affecting infection

A
  • intact skin and mucous membranes
  • normal pH levels
  • WBC
  • ages, sex, race, hereditary factors
  • immunization
  • fatigue, nutritional, and general health status
  • stress
  • invasive or indwelling medical devices
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27
Q

medical asespis

A

clean technique

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28
Q

surgical asepsis

A

sterile technique

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29
Q

when should hand hygiene be performed? (5)

A
  1. before touching pt
  2. after touching pt
  3. before procedure
  4. bodily fluid exposure or risk
  5. touch pt surroundings
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30
Q

MRSA: Where is it found? the two types, and treatment

A
  • found in nasal membranes, skin, respiratory and GI tract
  • CA-MRSA: common cause of skin and soft tissue infections
  • HA-MRSA: cause bloodstream and wound infections, ventilator-associated PNA, multidrug resistance
    -treatment: vancomycin
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31
Q

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci: where is it found? causes, treatment

A
  • found: in GI and GU tracts
  • causes: bloodstream, urinary, wound, and cardiac infections
  • treatment: antibioltics
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32
Q

CDIFF: where is found? causes, s&s

A
  • found: intestinal tract
  • causes: normal flora is destroyed and c/diff grows out of control
  • s&s: increased BM, loose diarrhea, bad smelling, abdominal pain/cramping
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33
Q

Contact Precautions

A
  • MRSA, VRA, c.diff
  • private room
  • gown and gloves
  • limit movement of pt outside the room
  • avoid sharing pt-care equipment
34
Q

Droplet precautions

A
  • adenovirus, influenzia, bacterial meningitis
  • private room(door can remain open)
  • mask
  • transport only when needed –> surgical mask on pt
35
Q

airborne precautions

A
  • TB, varicella
  • private room with negative pressure(double door system)
  • DOOR CLOSED
  • respirator (N95)
  • transport only when needed –> pt wear surgical mask
36
Q

signs of systemic infection(4)

A
  • fever
    -fatigue/lethargy
  • increased BP/HR
  • enlarged lymph nodes
37
Q

signs of acute infection(5)

A
  • redness
  • swelling
  • pain
  • heat
  • loss of function
38
Q

initial comprehensive assessment

A

complete database

39
Q

focused assessment

A

data about specific problem, can identify new problems

40
Q

emergency assessment

A

identify life-threatening crisis

41
Q

time lapsed assessment

A

compare current status to baseline data

42
Q

triage assessment

A

determine extent and severity of problems

43
Q

5 sources of pt data

A
  1. family
  2. pt record
  3. medical history, physical exam, progress notes
  4. lab results
  5. diagnostic study reports
44
Q

When does data need to be validated?

A
  • discrepancy between what the pt is saying and what the nurse is observing
  • lacks objectivity
45
Q

How is data validated?

A
  • physical exam
  • clarifying statements
  • share inferences with other team members
  • check finds with research
  • compare cures to normal function
  • check consistency of cues
46
Q

Nursing diagnosis

A
  • describes pt problems
  • nurse can treat individual
  • can change day by day
  • focus on unhealthy responses to illness/disease/health
47
Q

PED statment

A

P: problem
E: etiology
D: defining characteristic

48
Q

3 types of diagnosises

A
  1. problem focused: problem exisits
  2. risk: problem doesnt exist but can occur
  3. health promotion: involves motivation and desire to increase wellbeing
49
Q

3 elements of comprehensive planning

A
  1. initial
  2. ongoing
  3. discharge
50
Q

Nurse initiated intervention

A

actions preformed by a nurse w/o physicians orders

51
Q

physician initiated intervention

A

actions initiated by a physician in response to a medical diagnosis by carried out by a nurse under doctors orders

52
Q

collaborative intervention

A

treatments initiated by other providers and carried out by a nurse

53
Q

8 implementation guidelines

A
  1. reassessing the pt and reviewing the plan of care
  2. clarifying prerequisite nursing competencies
  3. pt boards or whiteboards
  4. organizing resources (plan ahead)
  5. anticipating unexpected outcomes/situations
  6. preventing errors and omission
  7. promoting self care
  8. assisting pt to meet outcomes
54
Q

common reasons pt doesn’t cooperate with plan of care

A
  • lack of family support
  • lack of understanding about the benefits
  • low value attached to outcomes
  • adverse physical or emotions affecting the treatment
  • ability to afford treatment
  • limited access to treatment
55
Q

3 actions of evaulation

A
  1. terminate: a plan of care when each expected outcome is achieved
  2. modify: plan of care of there are difficulties achieving the outcomes
  3. continue: plan of care if more time is needed to achieve the outcomes
55
Q

the “rights” of delegating tasks(5)

A
  1. right task
  2. right circumstance
  3. right person
  4. right directions and communicate
  5. right supervision and evaluation
56
Q

factors affecting personal hygiene(6)

A
  1. culture
  2. socioeconomic status
  3. spiritual practice
  4. developmental level
  5. health state
  6. personal preferences
57
Q

self care deficit

A

problem w/ hygiene, problem statement for nursing diagnosis

57
Q

Types of drainage(4)

A
  1. serous: pale yellow color, clear, watery
  2. sanguineous: bright red
  3. serosanguinous: red, pink color, bloody, mix of clear and red fluid
  4. purulent: yellow, brown, green color, foul oder –> sign of infection
58
Q

local factors affecting wound care

A
  1. pressure
  2. dehydration
  3. overhydration
  4. trauma
  5. edema
  6. infection
  7. excessive bleeding
  8. nervocosis
  9. biofilm
59
Q

systemic factors affecting wound healing

A
  1. age
  2. circulation and oxygenation
  3. nutritional status
  4. wound etiology
  5. medications
  6. immunosuppression
  7. adherence to treatment plan
60
Q

types of pressure injuries (staging)

A

stage 1: no skin breakage (redness)
stage 2: breakage in the skin
stage 3: full thickness loss (whole dermis gone)
stage 4: full thickness loss and exposed bone, tendon, and muscle –> tunneling and undermining
unstageable: full thickness loss with necrosis/eschar

61
Q

effects of applying heat

A
  • dilates vessels
  • increases tissue metabolism
  • reduced blood viscosity and increases capillary permeability
  • reduces muscle tension
  • helps relieve pain
62
Q

effects of applying cold

A
  • constricts blood vessels
  • reduces muscle spasms
  • promotes comfort
63
Q

variables influence body alignment and mobility (7)

A
  1. developmental considerations
  2. physical health
  3. mental health
  4. lifestyle
  5. attitude and values
  6. fatigue and stress
  7. external factors
64
Q

isotontic movement

A

muscle shortening and ACTIVE movement
ex: ADLs, running, walking , hiking

65
Q

isometric movement

A

muscle contraction w/o shortening (no movement of muscle fibers)
ex: holding yoga poses, planks

66
Q

isokinetic movement

A

muscle contraction with resistance
ex: weight lifting

67
Q

Mobility as a “problem” includes what diagnosises?

A
  1. activity intolerance
  2. impaired physical mobility
  3. risk for injury
  4. risk for falls
68
Q

Mobility as an “etiology” includes what diagnosises?

A
  1. impaired transfer ability r/t generalized weakness
  2. self care deficit r/t physical weakness or altered mobility
  3. sexual dysfunction r/t neuromuscular impairment
69
Q

when implementing activity intervention what must be included?

A

body mechanics: proper body movement; prevention and correction of problems; enhancement of coordination and endurance

safe pt handling

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