Midterm Flashcards
Define Corrections
The structures, policies, and programs to
punish, treat, and supervise persons convicted of criminal offences (p. 3)
Pre-Middle Ages
response to crime based on punishment
Middle Ages
punishment for crimes took gruesome
forms, designed to stigmatize/shame offenders
First house of correction
Built at Bridewell, in London, in 1557
Classical School
Criminal behaviour as a result of rational choice
Positivist (Liberal) School
Criminal behaviour is determined
Critical (Radical) school
Highlights the role of economics and power
Emile Durkheim
Punishment as a moral process that serves to reinforce
shared societal values and norms
Karl Marx
Punishment as a tool to preserve the economic order and class rule
Michael Foucault
Reform of punishment to increase the efficiency of the
exercise of power over individuals
Punitive Peneology
a response to criminal
offenders characterized by severe sanctions
Penal Populism
correctional policies that are
formulated in pursuit of political objectives
1970 (corrections in the u.s)
shift of focus away from rehabilitation
and toward retribution
– Driven by legislators
– Punishment as a political issue
1990-2010 (us corrections)
number of federal inmates in the
U.S. rises more than 500%
Early 21 century (us corrections)
beginning of the era of mass
decarceration
– Shift in focus toward reintegration and community-based treatment
Fair sentencing act
public law 111-220
Justice Reinvestment act
2011)
2016: Prison populations had…
prison populations reduced by 25% in
California, New York, and New Jersey
In the late 20th and early 21 century
punitive penology in the U.S., rise in penal
populism, mass incarceration
The first Canadian Penitentiary
Kingston Ontario (1835)
Moral Architecture
reflect themes of order and morality
The Brown Commission
condemned the use of corporal punishment and emphasized the need for rehabilitation
Pennsylvania Model
a separate silent system, prisoners were isolated from one another.
Auburn Model
allowed prisoners to work, eat during the day but then were celled individual at night
1906: Penitentiary Act
Separated young and mentally disordered
offenders from the general population
– Changed: powers and duties of federal
penitentiary inspectors
Philosophy of Corrections
Punitive practices continued with reformation through hard labour and discipline
Royal Commission on the Penal System of Canada
Added reform and rehabilitation as goals of
imprisonment
– Initial shift toward rehabilitation
The Federal System Introduced:
Therapeutic intervention techniques
– Vocational training and education
Medical Model of Corrections
viewed that offenders were ill and that treatment and diagnosis would ensure rehabilitations
The Americanization of Corrections
Departure from a liberal model of corrections practice
– Emergence of a conservative, American-style approach (2006–15)
Brown Commission (1848–49)
Minimal changes in structure
Creating Choices (1990)
significant changes in correctional policy
Existing Challenges
were identified in the early 19th century
Primary Mandate for correctional systems
protections of society
Split personality of corrections
punishment vs. treatment
corrections experiences tension in:
Ensuring public safety and security while ensuring
offender rights are protected
Duty to Act Farily
offenders are treated fairly by correctional personnel.
Federal System of Corrections
Responsible for offenders who receive a sentence of
two or more years
– Variety of facilities
Provincial/Territorial Corrections
96% of convicted offenders under
provincial/territorial correctional authority
– Variety of noncarceral programs
