Midterm

Question 1

Define Corrections

Answer 1

The structures, policies, and programs to
punish, treat, and supervise persons convicted of criminal offences (p. 3)

Question 2

Pre-Middle Ages

Answer 2

response to crime based on punishment

Question 3

Middle Ages

Answer 3

punishment for crimes took gruesome
forms, designed to stigmatize/shame offenders

Question 4

First house of correction

Answer 4

Built at Bridewell, in London, in 1557

Question 5

Classical School

Answer 5

Criminal behaviour as a result of rational choice

Question 6

Positivist (Liberal) School

Answer 6

Criminal behaviour is determined

Question 7

Critical (Radical) school

Answer 7

Highlights the role of economics and power

Question 8

Emile Durkheim

Answer 8

Punishment as a moral process that serves to reinforce
shared societal values and norms

Question 9

Karl Marx

Answer 9

Punishment as a tool to preserve the economic order and class rule

Question 10

Michael Foucault

Answer 10

Reform of punishment to increase the efficiency of the
exercise of power over individuals

Question 11

Punitive Peneology

Answer 11

a response to criminal
offenders characterized by severe sanctions

Question 12

Penal Populism

Answer 12

correctional policies that are
formulated in pursuit of political objectives

Question 13

1970 (corrections in the u.s)

Answer 13

shift of focus away from rehabilitation
and toward retribution
– Driven by legislators
– Punishment as a political issue

Question 14

1990-2010 (us corrections)

Answer 14

number of federal inmates in the
U.S. rises more than 500%

Question 15

Early 21 century (us corrections)

Answer 15

beginning of the era of mass
decarceration
– Shift in focus toward reintegration and community-based treatment

Question 16

Fair sentencing act

Answer 16

public law 111-220

Question 17

Justice Reinvestment act

Answer 17

2011)

Question 18

2016: Prison populations had…

Answer 18

prison populations reduced by 25% in
California, New York, and New Jersey

Question 19

In the late 20th and early 21 century

Answer 19

punitive penology in the U.S., rise in penal
populism, mass incarceration

Question 20

The first Canadian Penitentiary

Answer 20

Kingston Ontario (1835)

Question 21

Moral Architecture

Answer 21

reflect themes of order and morality

Question 22

The Brown Commission

Answer 22

condemned the use of corporal punishment and emphasized the need for rehabilitation

Question 23

Pennsylvania Model

Answer 23

a separate silent system, prisoners were isolated from one another.

Question 24

Auburn Model

Answer 24

allowed prisoners to work, eat during the day but then were celled individual at night

Question 25

1906: Penitentiary Act

Answer 25

Separated young and mentally disordered
offenders from the general population
– Changed: powers and duties of federal
penitentiary inspectors

Question 26

Philosophy of Corrections

Answer 26

Punitive practices continued with reformation through hard labour and discipline

Question 27

Royal Commission on the Penal System of Canada

Answer 27

Added reform and rehabilitation as goals of
imprisonment
– Initial shift toward rehabilitation

Question 28

The Federal System Introduced:

Answer 28

Therapeutic intervention techniques
– Vocational training and education

Question 29

Medical Model of Corrections

Answer 29

viewed that offenders were ill and that treatment and diagnosis would ensure rehabilitations

Question 30

The Americanization of Corrections

Answer 30

Departure from a liberal model of corrections practice
– Emergence of a conservative, American-style approach (2006–15)

Question 31

Brown Commission (1848–49)

Answer 31

Minimal changes in structure

Question 32

Creating Choices (1990)

Answer 32

significant changes in correctional policy

Question 33

Existing Challenges

Answer 33

were identified in the early 19th century

Question 34

Primary Mandate for correctional systems

Answer 34

protections of society

Question 35

Split personality of corrections

Answer 35

punishment vs. treatment

Question 36

corrections experiences tension in:

Answer 36

Ensuring public safety and security while ensuring
offender rights are protected

Question 37

Duty to Act Farily

Answer 37

offenders are treated fairly by correctional personnel.

Question 38

Federal System of Corrections

Answer 38

Responsible for offenders who receive a sentence of
two or more years
– Variety of facilities

Question 39

Provincial/Territorial Corrections

Answer 39

96% of convicted offenders under
provincial/territorial correctional authority
– Variety of noncarceral programs