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KINS 1110 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Where can Simple Squamous Epithelium be found and what are its basic functions?

A

Lungs, Heart, Lymph Vessels; regulates materials in and out and provides lubrication.

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2
Q

Where can Simple Cuboidal Epithelium be found and what are its basic functions?

A

Secretory portions of Small Glands and Kidneys; are responsible for secretion and filtration.

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3
Q

Where can Simple Columnar Epithelium be found and what are its basic functions?

A

The bronchi, Uterus, and Digestive Tract; absorb and secrete mucous + enzymes.

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4
Q

Where can Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium be found and what are its basic functions?

A

Trachea / Upper Respiratory Tract; secrets mucus.

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5
Q

Where can Stratified Squamous Epithelium be found and what are its basic functions?

A

Esophagus, Mouth and Vagina; protects against abrasion.

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6
Q

What regions is the Axial Skeleton comprised of?

A

The Skull, Hyoid Bone, Vertebral Column and Thorax.

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7
Q

What bone is known as the “Keystone” of the Cranium?

A

The Sphenoid Bone; forms the base of the skull that articulates with all Cranial Bones.

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8
Q

What is the major supporting structure of the Nasal Cavity?

A

The Ethmoid Bone.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the Hyoid Bone?

A

The Hyoid Bone protects the Larynx and assists in swallowing.

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10
Q

What can Scoliosis be defined as?

A

Lateral Curvature of the Spine.

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11
Q

What can Kyphosis be defined as?

A

Exaggerated rounding of the Upper Spine; is commonly associated with old age.

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12
Q

What can Lordosis be defined as?

A

Excessive curvature of the Lumbar Spine; is commonly associated with pregnancy.

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13
Q

What is the Intervertebral Foramen formed by?

A

The Superior and Inferior Vertebral Notch.

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14
Q

What is the Intervertebral Foramen responsible for?

A

The Intervertebral Foramen allow for nerve passage from the Spine.

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15
Q

Where are Intervertebral Discs not present in the spine?

A

C1, C2 and the Sacral and Coccygeal regions.

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16
Q

What are the True Ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7, connected directly to the Sternum.

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17
Q

What are the False Ribs?

A

Ribs 8-10, are attached indirectly to the Sternum via the costal cartilage.

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18
Q

What are the Floating Ribs?

A

Ribs 11 and 12.

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19
Q

What is the Pectoral Girdle comprised of?

A

The Clavicle and Scapula.

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20
Q

What is the Pelvic Girdle comprised of?

A

Two Os Coxae.

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21
Q

What are the 4 main Regions of the Upper Limb?

A

The Shoulder, Arm, Forearm and Hand.

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22
Q

What are the 3 main Joints of the Upper Limb?

A

The Glenohumeral, Elbow and Wrist Joints.

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23
Q

At which Articulation does the Axial Skeleton connect to the Upper Limb?

A

The Sternoclavicular Joint.

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24
Q

What are the 4 main Regions of the Lower Limb?

A

Hip / Pelvis / Gluteal, Thigh, Leg, and Foot.

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25
Q

What are the 3 main Joints of the Lower Limb?

A

Hip, Knee, and Ankle.

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26
Q

At which Articulation does the Axial Skeleton connect to the Lower Limb?

A

The Sacroiliac Joint.

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27
Q

What is the difference between the True and False Pelvis?

A

The True Pelvis contains Reproductive Organs, whereas, the False Pelvis contains the Abdominal Organs. They are separated by the Pelvic Brim.

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28
Q

What is the difference between Cortical Bone and Spongy Bone?

A

Cortical Bone makes up the surface of bones, and contains many osteons which means it’s heavy; Spongy bone makes up the interior of bones with/ rich capillary networks and doesn’t contain many osteons.

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29
Q

What are the classifications for Bone Shape?

A

Long Bone, Short Bone, Flat Bone, Irregular Bone, and Sesmoid Bone

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30
Q

What are the 4 bone cells and their duties?

A

The Osteoprogenitor evolves into the Osteoblast (creates bony matrix), which evolves into the Osteocyte (maintains bone tissue). Don’t forget the Osteoclast! (functions in resportion and breakdown of the matrix).

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31
Q

What is the definition of an Articulation / Joint?

A

An Articulation or Joint is where two or more bones OR cartilage make contact with one another.

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32
Q

What are the 3 primary Joint Structures?

A

Fibrous Joint, Cartilaginous Joint and Synovial Joint.

33
Q

What are 3 Joint functions in terms of Movability?

A

Diarthrosis = immovable, Amphiarthrosis = slightly moveable, Synarthrosis = not movable at all.

34
Q

What are the sub structures of a fibrous joint?

A

Sutures (Cranial), Syndesmosis (Radio-Ulnar, Fibular-Tibia) , Gomphosis (Teeth to gum).

35
Q

What are the sub structures of a cartilaginous joint?

A

Synchondrosis, Symphysis.

36
Q

What are some attributes of a Synovial Joint?

A

Articular Cartilage (menisci) , Articular Capsule (outer fibrous capsule), Joint Cavity (space between bone for fluid) , Synovial Fluid (joint lubricant) , Additional Ligaments.

37
Q

What is a Labrum?

A

Accessory structure of the SJ; cartilaginous ring that deepens the joint cavity of highly mobile joints.

38
Q

What is the purpose of Articular Discs and Menisci?

A

Found alongside SJ’s; transfer axial force to radial force (reduce compressive shock).

39
Q

What is the purpose of Bursa and Tendon Sheaths?

A

Not apart of SJ’s but a common addition to reduce friction where layers of bone and tendon or muscle may rub; Tendon Sheath is a tube like Bursa that wraps around tendons.

40
Q

Ligaments attach ___ to ___ and Tendons attach ___ to ___.

A

Bone to Bone; Muscle to Bone.

41
Q

What are the 4 Synovial Joint planes?

A

Nonaxial (foot cuneiforms), Monoaxial (hinge and pivot), Biaxial (condyloid and saddle), and Multiaxial (ball and socket).

42
Q

Describe the Gleno-Humeral Joint.

A

The Scapula and Humerus, most mobile joint in the body; easily prone to injury.

43
Q

Describe the Elbow Joint.

A

Humerus and the Radius/Ulna, highly stable to due strong collateral ligaments. The annular ligament allows the head of radius to pronate / supinate.

44
Q

Describe the Hip Joint.

A

Head of Femur and deep Acetabulum of the Oscoxae, most stable joint in the body; Zona Orbicularis forms a collar to prevent femoral dislocation.

45
Q

Describe the Knee Joint.

A

Articulation between Femur and the Tibia/Fibula. Considered a modified hinge joint due to the articulation of the Patella w/ the Femur. Condyles rotate and glide on the tibial plateau during flexion. Anterior and Cruciate ligaments that cross over one another.

46
Q

What is the purpose of both the ACL and the PCL

A

The ACL limits anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur OR posterior displacement of femur on tibia. The PCL is the opposite of that.

47
Q

Describe the Ankle Joint.

A

Articulation of the Tibia, Fibula and Talus. Highly stable in dorsi/plantar flexion however, is less stable in eversion and inversion due to the sub talor joint. The Medial Deltoid Ligaments are very strong (dense), the Lateral are weaker (less dense).

48
Q

What are the Divisions of the CNS?

A

Forebrain (anterior), Midbrain, and Hindbrain (posterior).

49
Q

What are the Divisions of the PNS?

A

Cranial Nerves (12 pairs) and the Spinal Nerves (31 pairs).

50
Q

Describe Sensory/Afferent information.

A

Information travelling to the CNS to provide environmental feedback.

51
Q

Describe Motor/Efferent information.

A

Information travelling from the CNS to the muscle to control the enviroment.

52
Q

What is the difference between Somatic and Autonomic / Visceral function?

A

Somatic function controls conscious voluntary movement; Autonomic / Visceral function controls involuntary function.

53
Q

What is the difference between Grey Matter and White Matter?

A

Grey Matter carries unmyelinated nerve fibers; White Matter carries myelinated nerve fibers.

54
Q

What is the Cervical and Lumbar enlargement?

A

Enlarged nerves of the Spinal Cord to control the upper and lower limbs.

55
Q

Why is the Vertebral Column longer than the Spinal Cord?

A

The Spinal Cord doesn’t grow as fast as the Vertebral Column as we age, it spans from the Foramen Magnum to the L2 vertebrae.

56
Q

What is the Conus Medullaris?

A

Cone shaped termination of the Spinal Cord (end of the SC)

57
Q

What is the Cuada Equina?

A

Bundle of spinal roots below the L2 vertebrae (Termination of the SC / Conus Medullaris).

58
Q

What is the H shaped Grey Matter in the Spinal Cord responsible for housing?

A

The Anterior Horn houses Motor neurons, the Lateral Horn houses Autonomic neurons, and the Posterior Horn houses Sensory neurons.

59
Q

What is the White Matter in the SC responsible for?

A

Transmits messages along the SC, the Anterior Median Fissure and the Posterior Median Sulcus divide the SC into right and left halves.

60
Q

What type of information does the Dorsal and Ventral roots carry?

A

Dorsal = Afferent; Ventral = Efferent.

61
Q

What type of information do the Rami carry?

A

Mixed information, both Afferent and Efferent.

62
Q

What do the Dorsal Rami supply?

A

Deep Back Muscle Movement and Skin.

63
Q

What do the Ventral Rami supply?

A

The Limbs and Trunk which form Plexi.

64
Q

What is a Dermatome?

A

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve.

65
Q

What is the Brachial Plexus?

A

Network of nerves supplying the arms within the neck and axilla.

66
Q

What do each of the Terminal Branches of the Brachial Plexus fuel?

A

Musculocutaneous - Arm Flexors (C5,C6,C7)

Axillary - Shoulder (C5, C6)

Median - Forearm and Hand Flexors (ALL)

Radial - Arm, Forearm Extensors (ALL)

Ulnar - Forearm, Hand Flexors (C8, T1)

67
Q

What is the Cervical Plexus?

A

Ventral Rami of C1-C4, the neck and skin.

Phrenic nerve which originates from C3-C5 innervates the diaphragm.

68
Q

What is the Lumbosacral Plexus?

A

Network of nerves supplying the lower limb within the lower back and pelvis. It is both the Lumbar and Sacral plexus. L1-S4

69
Q

What is the Lumbar Plexus?

A

Network of nerves supplying the muscle movement of the anterior and medial thigh, and the skin of the lateral thigh. L1-L4

70
Q

What is the Sacral Plexus?

A

Network of nerves supplying muscle movement and skin of posterior hip, thigh, leg, and genitalia. L4-S4.

71
Q

What do each of the Terminal Branches of the Sacral Plexus fuel?

A

Superior Gluteal - Gluteus Medius / Minimus and TFL (L4, L5, S1)

Inferior Gluteal - Gluteus Maximus (L5, S1, S2)

Sciatic - Posterior Thigh, Entire Leg, and Foot (L4-S3)

Pudendal - Genitalia (S2-S4)

72
Q

What is the Sciatic Nerve?

A

Supplies the entire lower extremity except for the anterior/medial thigh. Divides into Tibial nerve and Common Fibular Nerve.

73
Q

What is the Tibial Nerve?

A

Posterior leg and foot muscles supplied by the Tibial. Passes the Post Medial malleolus to enter the foot.

74
Q

What are the Lateral and Medial plantar nerves?

A

The nerves that innervate the 4 layers of plantar muscles in the foot.

75
Q

What is the Common Fibular Nerve?

A

Smaller lateral component of the Sciatic nerve. Wraps around the head of the Fibula to divide into the Superficial Fibular nerve and Deep Fibular Nerve.

76
Q

What do the nerves of the Lumbar Plexus Innervate?

A

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous - Lateral thigh (L2-L3)
Femoral - Anterior Thigh (L2-L4)
Obturator - Medial Thigh (L2-L4)

77
Q

Which Cranial Nerve doesn’t distribute to the Head and Neck?

A

Vagus X - goes to Thorax + Abdomen as well.

78
Q

Which Cranial Nerves do not originate from the Brain Stem?

A

Olfactory I and Optic II.

79
Q

What are the Cranial Nerves responsible for?

A

Carrying Sensory, Motor and Parasympathetic Fibers but no Sympathetic.

KINS 1110 (2 decks)

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