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Dairy nutrition > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

2 major roles of digestive tract

A

barrier to the environment, digestion and absorption of nutrients

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2
Q

what metabolism happens in rumen?

A

aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

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3
Q

rumen epithelium

A

stratified squamous epithelium
metabolizes SCFA ad VFAs

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4
Q

reticulum

A

allows for rumination, reason why cows can eat fast, honeycomb lining, contains undigested feed and feed that is being digested

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5
Q

omasum

A

soccer ball, lots of folds, small particle size removes moisture. involved in water and VFA absorption

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6
Q

abomasum

A

true stomach, secretes acid and pepsin, reabsorbs water w lower pH (2-4). kills the microbes from the rumen to make protein.

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7
Q

esophageal groove

A

connects esophagus to omasum, in calves. allows milk to pass reticulorumen

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8
Q

duodenum

A

releases a lot of enzymes, first part of small intestine. starts at pylorus, digestion and absorption

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9
Q

jejunum

A

all coiled up, middle part of small intestine, lots of absorption bc so long

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10
Q

illeum

A

final section of small intestine, absorption and immune responses.

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11
Q

mucous secretion - brunners glands

A

mucus rich alkaline secretion produced, neutralizes acid, to lubricate and protet

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12
Q

Peyers patch

A

immune surveillance of intestinal rumen, where immune memory gets formed. facilitates immune response

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13
Q

cecum

A

large blunt tipped tube, where fermentation, absorption and passage happens

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14
Q

colon

A

connects midgut w rectum, site of fermentation, absorption and passage

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15
Q

gastrointestinal epithelium

A

mixture of absorptive, goblet, paneth and neuoendocrine cells. richness and diversity increases throughout the lower gut. cell junction proteins are expressed differently

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16
Q

rumen mat

A

several natural divisions in the rumen, gas rises to surface, partially digested feed settles to the bottom

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17
Q

4 R’s of ruminating

A

relaxation - esophageal sphincter allows digesta in
reverse peristalsis - feed up to mouth
re-masticating
re-swallowing

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18
Q

ruminal epithelium type

A

stratified squamous

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19
Q

intestinal epithelium

A

columnar

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20
Q

main polysaccharides digested by dairy cows

A

starch, cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose

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21
Q

butyrate

A

used for energy source for the rumen wall

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22
Q

propionate

A

primary glucose precursor of the cow

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23
Q

acetate

A

used for energy throughout the cow

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24
Q

microbial protein synthesis

A

incorporates ammonia, AAs and peptide into bacterial protein
fermentable carbs influence bacterial protein synthesis

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25
Q

rumen bacteria

A

major contributor to microbial fermentation, dynamic pop w large diversity
symbiotic relationship

26
Q

additional nutritional req of bacteria

A

NH3, CO2, acetate, branched amino acids (Va, Leu, Iso), minerals, vitamins

27
Q

protozoa

A

50% microbial biomass an fermentation end products, uses starch, sugars and amino acids. slows rate of CHO fermentation. deanimate AAs and contributes to NH3 production in the rumen, sensitive to low pH

28
Q

protozoa and microbial protein

A

sequester protein in the rumen, only 20-40% leave rumen.

29
Q

anaerobic fungi

A

cellulolytic, attach and grow on plant fragments, penetrate into tissues that are inaccessible to bacteria. susceptible to low rumen pH

30
Q

acetate:propionate ratio

A

decrease, more propionate = less methane. increases energy and glucose avail to animal.
less energy lost as methane.

31
Q

methanogenesis

A

forming methane from microbes. symbiotic relationships involving interspecies hydrogen exchange w rumen. can be associated intercellular lily and extracellularly

32
Q

monensin

A

alters microbiota to increase propionate production, inhibits gram positive bacteria. produces more propionate and acetate

33
Q

SARA

A

20% of lactating dairy cattle, rumen and mucosal damage, liver abbesses, laminitis, inflammation, depressed intake, growth, fibre degradation, milk and milk fat

34
Q

detecting SARA

A

difficult to obtain consensus on pH thresholds for SARA detection
l

35
Q

hingut acidosis

A

manure is the main indicator, more fermentable products make it through. bacteria in hindgut can’t break down as good

36
Q

acidosis is associated with

A
  • altered rumen microbes, damage of gut epithelium, whole animal inflammatory response, liver abscesses, etc
37
Q

NFC -

A

non-fibre carbs

38
Q

difference between NDF and ADF

A

NDF - intake, ADF - indigestible

39
Q

NDF

A

neutral detergent fiber

40
Q

ADF

A

acid detergent fibre

41
Q

NFC

A

non- fibre carbohydrates

42
Q

NDICP

A

neutral detergent insoluble protein

43
Q

WSC

A

water soluble carbohydrates

44
Q

NSC

A

starch and sugar

45
Q

ash

A

dirt and mineral feed content

46
Q

cellulose

A

harder to break down , has most structure w a lattice shape

47
Q

pectin

A

fastest to break down

48
Q

factors that impact forage quality

A

type and variety of forage, repro maturity, soil quality, water avail, Fert use, time of szn, enviromental temp, drying conditions, morphology (C3 vs C4)
particle size, harvest height

49
Q

legume v grass

A

legume is higher CP, fibre higher lignin, less digestible in rumen, legume more fragile passes through faster, less rumen fill.
legumes more Ca than grass

50
Q

amylose

A

glucose polymer bound to each other through alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

51
Q

amylopectin

A

highly branched polymer of glucose containing alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds

52
Q

most valuable metrics for feed evaluation

A

NDF, NDFD and starch

53
Q

relative fermentability

A

soluble carbs get fermented at feeding, next is pectin, cellulose is much later

54
Q

alpha-amylase

A

starch digestion beyond the rumen, secreted by the pancreas

55
Q

maltase and isomaltase, and sodium dependent glucose transporter

A

post ruminal starch digestion in small intestine brush border

56
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

glucose req by brain, RBCs, adipose tissue, mammary gland. ruminants synthesize glucose from propionate. also amino acids. lactate and glycerol

57
Q

how much energy in 1 glucose?

58
Q

how much energy in 1 acetate?

59
Q

how much energy in 1 propionate?

60
Q

mcal to increase BCS from 2-3 in cattle

A

500 mcal to gain 1 BCS

61
Q

crude protein

A

NPN an true protein

Dairy nutrition (2 decks)

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