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Radiation Physics > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space

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2
Q

atoms and molecules

A

fundamental building blocks

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3
Q

law of conservation of matter

A

matter cannot be created or destroyed; solid, liquid, or gas mass remains the same

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4
Q

energy

A

ability to do work (eV, J)

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5
Q

potential energy

A

the ability to do work by virtue of position

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6
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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7
Q

chemical energy

A

energy release by a chemical reaction

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8
Q

electrical energy

A

represents the wrk that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference

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9
Q

thermal (heat) energy

A

energy of motion at the molecular level

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10
Q

nuclear energy

A

energy that is contained within the nucleus of the atom

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11
Q

electromagnetic energy

A

energy used in an x-ray

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12
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

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13
Q

energy equation

A

e=mc^2

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14
Q

radiation

A

energy emitted and transferred through space

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15
Q

ionizing radiation

A

any type of radiation that is capable of moving an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts

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16
Q

sources of ionizing radiation

A

natural, man-made

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17
Q

What is the highest form of natural ionizing radiation?

A

Radon

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18
Q

What is the highest form of man-made radiation?

A

diagnostic x-ray

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19
Q

When were x-rays discovered?

A

November 8, 1895

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20
Q

Crookes Tube

A

Crookes tube used by Roentgen to discover x-ray

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21
Q

What was the first x-ray taken?

A

first x-ray image of Roentgen’s wife’s hand

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22
Q

When was the first medical x-ray exam in the United States?

A

February 3, 1896

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23
Q

When was the first x-ray fatality?

A

1904

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24
Q

Basic radiation protection

A

filtration, collimation, intensifying screens, protective apparel, gonadal shielding, protective barriers

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25
Q

collimation

A

controlling the x-ray beam to only expose the area of interest

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26
Q

shielding

A

lead aprons

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27
Q

protective barriers

A

lead walls surrounding the control console, the x-ray room

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28
Q

filtration

A

remove low energy photons from the x-ray beam to reduce patient dose, typically made of aluminum

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29
Q

distance

A

minimum of 6 feet at a right angle from the patient

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30
Q

dosimeters

A

measure of the level of radiation received by the Technologists

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31
Q

ALARA

A

as low as reasonably achievable

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32
Q

exposure

A

air kerma (Gya), radiation in air

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33
Q

absorbed dose

A

Gray (Gyt), radiation in tissue

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34
Q

effective dose

A

Sieverts (Sv), occupational dose

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35
Q

Radioactivity

A

Becquerel (Bq)

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36
Q

Greek Atom

A

used the term atom meaning indivisible, described the smallest part of the four substances of matter

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37
Q

dalton atom

A

element was composed of identical atoms that reacted the same way chemically, periodic table

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38
Q

thomson atom

A

electrons were an integral part of all atoms, plum pudding

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39
Q

bohr atom

A

electrons in orbits, surrounding protons and neutrons in a dense nucleus

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40
Q

What are the fundamental particles of an atom?

A

electron (negative), proton (positive), neutron (neutral - no charge)

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41
Q

Atoms in neutral state

A

have zero charge, same number of electrons and protons

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42
Q

atomic structure

A

K shell is the closest orbital shell and has the strongest electron binding energy

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43
Q

centripetal force

A

“center seeking,” keeps an electron in orbit

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44
Q

centrifugal force

A

“flying out from the center,” force that causes an electron to travel straight

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45
Q

covalent bonds

A

chemical union between atoms formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons

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46
Q

ionic bonds

A

bonding that occurs because of an electrostatic force between ions

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47
Q

Radioactivity

A

the emission of particles and energy in order to become stable

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48
Q

radioactive decay law

A

rate of radioactive decay and the quantity of material present at any given time

49
Q

half life

A

time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one half its original value

50
Q

alpha particles

A

contain 2 protons, 2 neutrons

51
Q

beta particles

A

an electron emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom

52
Q

gamma rays

A

emitted from the nucleus

53
Q

x-rays

A

produced outside the nucleus in the electron shells

54
Q

photons

A

smallest form of electromagnetic energy

55
Q

at what speed do photons exist?

A

At the speed of light (c=3x10^8 m/s)

56
Q

wave amplitude

A

height of the wave

57
Q

frequency

A

rate of rise and fall; Hertz (Hz)

58
Q

wavelength

A

distance from one crest to another, from one valley to another or from any point on the sine wave to the next corresponding point; lambda

59
Q

relationship between wavelength and frequency

A

the shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency (inversely proportionate)

60
Q

Wavelength

A

wavelength = velocity/frequency (λ=v/f)

61
Q

Velocity

A

velocity = frequency x wavelength (v = fλ)

62
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

x-rays, gamma rays, UV light, visible light, radio waves, microwaves, infrared

63
Q

electromagnetic wave equation

A

c=fλ

64
Q

inverse square law equation

A

i1/i2 = d2^2/d1^2

65
Q

inverse square law

A

the further from the source of radiation, the lower the intensity

66
Q

electrostatics

A

the study of stationary electric charges

67
Q

electrostatic law

A

unlike charges attract; like charges repel

68
Q

electric potential

A

electric potential energy (v) - the ability to do work

69
Q

electrodynamics

A

study of electric charges in motion

70
Q

conductor

A

any substance through which electrons flow easily

71
Q

insulator

A

any material that does not allow electron flow

72
Q

semicondutor

A

material that under some conditions behaves as an insulator an the conditions as a conductor

73
Q

superconductivity

A

some materials exhibit no resistance below a critical temperature

74
Q

direct current

A

represented by a straight line, charges are moving in the same direction

75
Q

alternating current

A

represented by a sine wave, charges are moving in one direction and changing to move in the opposite direction

76
Q

resistor

A

inhibits flow of electrons

77
Q

battery

A

provides an electric potential

78
Q

capacitor

A

momentarily stores electric charge

79
Q

transformer

A

increases or decreases voltage by fixed amount (AC only)

80
Q

diode

A

allows electrons to flow in only one direction

81
Q

magnetism

A

any charged particle in motion creates a magnetic field

82
Q

magnetic permeability

A

ability of a material to attract the line of magnetic field intensity

83
Q

nonmagnetic

A

materials that are unaffected when brought into a magnetic field

84
Q

diamagnetic

A

materials that are weakly repelled by either magnetic pole

85
Q

paramagnetic

A

materials that are weakly attracted by either magnetic pole

86
Q

ferromagnetic

A

strongly attracted, can be permanently magnetized

87
Q

electromagnet

A

current carrying coil of wire wrapped around an iron core, which intensified the induced magnetic field

88
Q

Faraday’s Law: The First Law of Electromagnetic Induction

A

the size of the induced current depends on:
- strength of magnetic field
- velocity of the field as it cuts through the conductor
- angle of the conductor to the magnetic field
- number of turns of the conductor

89
Q

Transformer

A

changes the intensity of alternating voltage and current

90
Q

step-up transformer

A

ratio of the secondary coils to the primary coils is greater than one, voltage is increased from primary to secondary

91
Q

step-down transformer

A

ration of the secondary coils to the primary coils is less than one, voltage is decreased from primary to secondary

92
Q

x-ray imaging system

A

operating console, high-voltage generator, x-ray tube

93
Q

Operating Console controls

A

kVp selection, mA selection, Time selection

94
Q

radiation quantity

A

number of x-rays in an x-ray beam (mGya/mAs)

95
Q

radiation quality

A

energy of the x-ry beam (kVp)

96
Q

what power does most x-ray imaging systems operate on?

A

220V power

97
Q

line compensator

A

measures the voltage provided to the x-ray imaging system and adjusts that voltage to 220 V

98
Q

autotransformer

A

first to receive power in the imaging system, single winding, supply precise voltage to the filament circuit and high voltage circuit, electromagnetic induction, primary and secondary voltage are directly related to the number of turns of the respective connection

99
Q

filament circuit

A

controls the X-ray tube current (mA), precisions resistor reduces voltage to a value that corresponds to the selected mA, filament heating isolation step-down transformer

100
Q

exposure timers

A

located on the primary side of the high-voltage transformer

101
Q

synchronous timers

A

measured in revolutions, resent after every exposure

102
Q

electronic timers

A

most accurate, can be used for rapid serial exposures

103
Q

mAs timers

A

monitors the product of mA and exposure time and terminates when desired mAs is attained

104
Q

automatic exposure control

A

terminates exposure when the image receptors revolved the required intensity

105
Q

high-voltage transformer

A

step-up transformer, operate on alternating current, different aptitude between primary and secondary waveforms, primary voltage is measured in Volts (V), secondary voltage is measured in kilovolts (kV)

106
Q

filament transformer

A

step-down transformer, operate on alternating current, filament needs low voltage and high current

107
Q

rectifiers

A

allows current flow in only one direction, current supplied is 60Hz, alternating; X-ray tube requires direct current to keep electrons flowing from cathode to anode, silicon - solid state rectifiers

108
Q

single phase power

A

pulsating x-ray beam

109
Q

three-phase power

A

waveforms that maintains nearly constant high voltage

110
Q

high frequency generator

A

nearly constant potential voltage waveform, improving image quality at a lower dose

111
Q

capacitor discharge generator

A

voltage limits the available X-ray tube current and cause kVp to fall during exposure

112
Q

falling load generator

A

ensure shortest possible exposure

113
Q

voltage ripple

A

means of characterizing voltage waveform, less voltage ripple results in greater radiation quality and quantity, most efficient method of x-ray production involves the waveform with the lowest voltage ripple

114
Q

half wave

A

100% ripple

115
Q

full wave

A

100% ripple

116
Q

three phase, 6 pulse

A

13-14% ripple

117
Q

three phase, 12 pulse

A

4% ripple

118
Q

three phase, high frequency

A

<1%

119
Q

power

A

power = current (A) x Potential (V)

Radiation Physics (1 decks)

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