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BIO LAB MIDTERM > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the absence policies for lab?

Syllabus

A

Attendence is mandatory; but makeup exams are allowed if absence is due to religious holidays, extracurricular activity at UNLV, and miliary or jury duty

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2
Q

What is the basic dresscode?

Syllabus

A

Closed-toe shoes, t-shirt or long sleeve, pants, or long ksirts, no holes, hair tied back if it gets in the way

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3
Q

What is the grading like for lab?

Syllabus

A

45% lab quizzes, 20% post lab, 10% pre-lab, 10% midterm and 15% final

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4
Q

T or F: The lowest score for only post and pre labs will be dropped.

Syllabus

A

False; the lowest pre lab, post lab, and quiz grade will be dropped

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5
Q

What are the most common system base units of measurement?

Metric System & Measurement

A

Length: Meter (m)
Mass: Gram (g)
Volume: (L)
Temperature: Celsius (C)

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6
Q

What is 22m in cm?
What is 3 kL in L?
What is 3 kg in mg?

Metric System & Measurement

A

2,200 cm
3,000 L
3,000,000 mg

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7
Q

How many micrograms are in 1 gram?

Metric System & Measurement

A

1,000,000 micrograms

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8
Q

P-20 measurs volumes of 2 to ____ microliters.
P-200 measures volumes of 20 to ____ microliters.
P-1000 measures volumes of 200 to ____ microliters.

Metric System & Measurement

A

20
200
1000

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9
Q

What is the formula for calculating solution concentration?
Ex: 7.5 g of sucrose, 50 mL of water.

Metric System & Measurement

A

m solute (g) / v solution (mL) x 100
answer: 15%

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the stops on the micropipettes?

Metric System & Measurement

A

The first stop is where you want to be when drawing up the appropriate volume of the sample. The second stop is to dispense the sample completely from the tip.

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11
Q

T or F: When using the micropipettes, you have to ensure to do each step very slowly

Metric System & Measurement

A

True

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12
Q

What are the conversions for temperature?

Metric System & Measurement

A

F to C: C = (F - 32) / 1.8
C to F: F = (C x 1.8) + 32

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13
Q

Convert 50 degrees Farenheit to Celsisus.
Convert 22.2 degrees Celsius to Farenheit.

Metric System & Measurement

A

10 degrees C
72 degrees F

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14
Q

How is absorbance related to concentration?

Metric System & Measurement

A

They are directly propoertional; as one increase, so does the other.

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15
Q

What are the four different objective lenses on a microscope?

Note: The ocular magnification is always 10X.

Metric System & Measurement

A

scanning 4X
low power 10X
high power 40X
oil immersion 100X

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16
Q

When you viewed the letter e, how was it oriented?

Metric System & Measurement

A

upside down and backwards

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17
Q

What does it mean to observe something or to make an observation?

Scientific Method

A

to note and record something perceived by the senses

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18
Q

Define independent variable.

Scientific Method

A

The condition that is manipulated by the experimenter; thought to have some impact on the dependent variable.

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19
Q

Define dependent variable.

Scientific Method

A

The condition of the experiment that will change in response to the manipulation of the independent variable; this change is observed/measured.

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20
Q

What is the difference between constant variables and controls?

Scientific Method

A

Constant variables are fixed aspects of the experiment that remain unchanged throughout the entire experiment; (gravity).

Controls are devised to determine wheteher the results of the experiment would occur without the impact of the independent variable; (same type of soil, time, fertilizer, sunlight).

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21
Q

Which axis does the dependent variable fall on? What about the independent variable?

Scientific Method

A

Dependent variable (cm) goes on the y-axis; the independent variable (time) goes on the x-axis.

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22
Q

Define condensation reaction and hydrolysis reaction.

Basic Chemistry

A

Condensation reaction: two or more monomers can be linked together to build a polymer.

Hydrolysis: The splitting of a polymer into two smaller molecules by inserting a water molecule.

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23
Q

What are the 6 important elements in humans?

Basic Chemistry

A

oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus and sulfur

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24
Q

What are the 4 basic types of biomolecules in cells?

Basic Chemistry

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

25
Q

Which reagent was used for carbohydrates? What was the color for positive and negative?

Basic Chemistry

A

Benedict Test. Positive was red/orange. negative was blue.

26
Q

What reagent was used for lipids? What was the color for positive and negative?

Basic Chemistry

A

Sudan III. Positive was red/orange. Negative was clear.

27
Q

What regeant was used for proteins? What was the color for positive and negative?

Basic Chemistry

A

Biuret Test. Positive was purple. Negative was blue.

28
Q

What regeant was used for starches? What was the color for positive and negative?

Basic Chemistry

A

Lugol Test. Positive was blue/black. Negative was amber.

29
Q

Identify what the pH is for acidic, basic, and neutral substances.

Basic Chemistry

A

acidic (red): 0 - 6.9
neutral (green) : 7
basic (blue) : 7.1 - 13

30
Q

What ion concentration does the pH scale measure?

Basic Chemistry

A

hydrogen ion concentration

31
Q

What is a buffer and what does it do?

Basic Chemistry

A

Buffers are substances that stabilize pH by either releasing H+ if the solution is too basic or absorbing H+ is the solution is too acidic.

32
Q

What is a buffering capacity?

Basic Chemistry

A

A measure of the buffers capacity to resist change in pH. Eventually the buffer will be exhausted and bigger changes in pH will be noted once too much base or acid is added to the buffer.

33
Q

T or F: As acid increase, pH decreases; and as base increases, pH increases.

Basic Chemistry

A

True.

34
Q

What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?

Cell Structure & Function

A

Diffusion refers to the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis is a type of diffusion specifically for water molecules moving across a semi-permeable membrane.

35
Q

T or F: Water is the universal solvent.

Cell Structure & Function

A

True.

36
Q

In the osmosis experiment, which bag gained the most mass and which one lost the most mass?

Cell Structure & Function

A

The bag with 10mL of sucrose (30%) gained the most mass because it had the highest concentration of sucrose.The one with the least mass was 10mL of water placed into 30% sucrose.

37
Q

Describe two major differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.

Cell Structure & Function

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus while Prokaryotes do not.
Prokaryotic cells do NOT contain any membrane bound organelles whereas Eukaryotic cells do.

38
Q

How do you construct a wet mount?

Cell Structure & Function

A

Angle the coverslip at a 45 degree angle and slowly drop it onto the drop of suspension.

39
Q

These are different types of bacteria. Label them from left to right.

Cell Structure & Function

A

Coccus (sphere), Spirillum (spiral) , and Bacillus (rod-shape)

40
Q

What kind of cell is this?

Cell Structure & Function

A

Cheek/ epithelial cell.

41
Q

What kind of cell is this?

Cell Structure & Function

A

Human skeletal muscle cell.

42
Q

What kind of cell is this?

Cell Structure & Function

A

Elodea cell.

43
Q

What kind of cell is this?

Cell Structure & Function

A

Anabaena cell.

44
Q

What kind of cell is this?

Cell Structure & Function

A

Human neuron cell.

45
Q

What are some differences between plant and animal cells?

Cell Structure & Function

A

Animal cells have lysosomes and centrioles whereas plant cells do not. Plant cells have chloroplasts and a vacuole whereas animal cells do not.

46
Q

Know the difference between these cells. Briefly define each one.

Cell Structure & Function

A

Hypertonic: solution has a higher concentration inside cell (water will move inside the cell)

Hypotonic: solution has a lower concentration inside the cell (water will move outside the cell)

Isotonic: inside and outside of cell are at an equilibrium

47
Q

The solute concentration outside of the cell is lower than the inside of the cell. Based on these conditions, will free water move into or out of the cell?

Cell Structure & Function

A

Because the concentration that is inside of the cell is high (hypertonic), water will move into the cell in order to make the cell reach an equilibrium.

48
Q

Define metabolism.

Enzymes

A

All of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.

49
Q

What are enzymes?

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts composed of amino acids that function to increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

50
Q

Define activation energy.

Enzymes

A

The energy needed to complete a chemical reaction.

51
Q

Define substrate and active site.

Enzymes

A

Substrate: substance on which an enzyme binds to
Active site: site of attachment where the enzyme binds to the substrate

52
Q

What is tyrosinase?

Enzymes

A

It’s an enzyme that is part of the pathway that creates melanin, one of the pigments that is found in skin and hair.

53
Q

What is pyrocatechol? Hydroxyquinone? Tyrosine? Phenylthiourea?

Enzymes

A

Pyrocatechol: substrate that is a clear, colorless liquid
Hydroxyquinone: product formed from pyrocatechol, oxygen, and tyrosinase.
Tyrosine: competitive substrate that blocks the active site
Phenylthiorea: an inhibtor of Tyrosinase

54
Q

How is absorbance related to enzyme activity?

Enzymes

A

The relationship between absorbance and concentration (and hence enzyme activity) is linear only within a certain range of concentrations.

55
Q

At what temperature was tyrosinase the most active?

Enzymes

A

40 degrees Celsius

56
Q

At which pH was tyrosinase the most active?

Enzymes

A

Neutral: 7

57
Q

What is an inhibitor? Which molecule was the inhibitor in our lab? How did it affect the activity of tyrosinase?

Enzymes

A

An inhibitor is a substance that interferes with the functioning of an enzyme. We used Phenylthiourea as the inhibitor in our lab. The results tested clear, which means that the enzyme did not activate.

58
Q

What is a competitive substrate? Which molecule was the competitive substrate in our lab? How did it affect the activity of tyrosinase?

Enzymes

A

A competitive substrate mimics the substrate and competes for the active site. We used Tyrosine as a competitive substrate in our lab. Tyronise tested with a yellow color, so it did promote enzyme activity.

BIO LAB MIDTERM (1 decks)

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