Midterm

Question 1

ACOTE Standard & Association Definition

Answer 1

Demonstrate knowledge of how the role of a professional is enhanced by participating and engaging in local, national, and international leadership positions in organizations or agencies.

Question 2

Ethics

Answer 2

it is about reflective, thinking, critical reasoning, justifying, acting, and evaluating moral decisions. Involves systemic study and reflection providing language, methods, and guidelines to study and reflect on morality

Question 3

Ethical Dilemma

Answer 3

Having 2 choices that both have as aspect of right and wrong, posing a moral conflict.

Question 4

Moral Distress

Answer 4

Knowing what’s right but not being able to do it.

Question 5

Ethical Analysis

Answer 5

1. Identify the Issues (recognize and define the ethical question)
2. Outline the Options (gather relevant data)
3. Construct Ethical Arguments (problem solve alternatives)
4. Evaluate the Arguments
5. Make an informed Decision

Later, evaluate and reflect on the process, action, and results.

Question 6

Teamwork

Answer 6

The ability to recognize and respect the expertise of others and work with them in the client’s best interest.

*Multidisciplinary: Shares information but carries out own discipline-related evaluation and interventions.

*Interdisciplinary: Goals and interventions are planned collaboratively. Interventions may be carried out jointly.

*Transdisciplinary: Most cost-efficient, blurred roles, discipline-specific expertise may be weakened

Question 7

Characteristics of Helpful Feedback:

Answer 7

-Descriptive, not evaluative, and is “owned” by the sender.

-Specific, not general.

-Honest and sincere.

-Expressed in terms relevant to the self-perceived needs of the receiver.

-Timely and in context.

-Desired by the receiver, not imposed on him or her.

-Usable; concerned with behavior over which the receiver has control.

Question 8

Organizations

Answer 8

An organization of members who have shared interests and relationships. It defines practice & education, advances the interest of practitioners, and serves public needs

Question 9

Resources

Answer 9

crucial for dealing with the uncertainties related to ethical issues that practitioners encounter at all levels of practice

Question 10

Regulatory agencies

Answer 10

AOTA (Code of Ethics)
NBCOT
State Regulatory Boards

*In the clinic:
Supervisor and team members
Human resources

Question 11

Areas of Domain: Occupations

Answer 11

Daily activities that people do as individuals, in families, and with communities to occupy time and bring meaning and purpose to life occupations can involve the execution of multiple activities for completion and can result in various outcomes.

*Includes:
-ADLs
-IADLs
-Health management
-Rest and sleep
-Education
-Work
-Play
-Leisure
-Social participation

Question 12

Areas of Domain: Client Factors

Answer 12

Specific capacities, characteristics, or beliefs that reside within the person and that influence performance in occupations.

*Includes:
-Values
-Beliefs
-Spirituality
-Body functions
-Body structures

Question 13

Areas of Domain: Contexts

Answer 13

The construct that constitutes the complete make-up of a person’s life as well as the common and divergent factors that comprise groups and populations.

*Includes:
-Environmental factors
-Personal factors

Question 14

Areas of Domain: Performance Skills

Answer 14

The observable, goal-directed actions that result in a client’s quality of performing desired occupations. Skills are supported by the context in which the performance occurred and by underlying client factors.

Question 15

Areas of Domain: Performance Patterns

Answer 15

Habits, routines, roles, and rituals that may be associated with different lifestyles and used in the process of engaging in occupations or activities. These patterns are influenced by context and time and can support or hinder occupational performance.

Question 16

Process: Evaluation

Answer 16

This process focuses on finding out what a client wants/needs to do, determine what the client can do/has done, and identify supports and barriers to health, well-being, and participation.

*Consists of:
Occupational Profile
Analysis of occupational performance

Question 17

Process: Intervention

Answer 17

Process and skilled actions taken by OTs in collaboration with the client to facilitate engagement in occupation related to health and participation.

*Includes:
-Plan
-Implementation
-Review

Question 18

Process: Outcome measures

Answer 18

Emerge from the occupational therapy process; what clients can achieve through occupational therapy intervention.

Question 19

Occupational profile

Answer 19

This organizes clinical reasoning, beginning with the purpose of the referral. This information alone prompts the therapist to think about the client’s areas of competence (function) and challenge (dysfunction) as part of the client report.

-As this information is being collected, and one gathers the influences of the environment and context, a clinical hypothesis should begin to emerge from what was collected.

-This leads the therapist to create a profile that is client-centered with regard to goals that are directed toward resolving areas of dysfunction listed in the profile.

-Final portion of the intervention is to revisit the client’s goals and determine whether they’ve been met.

Question 20

SMART Goals

Answer 20

Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Time-bound

Question 21

Theory

Answer 21

Generated by inductive strategies (naturalistic inquiry) and is a way to describe or organize and idea.

Question 22

Assumption

Answer 22

Ideas we believe to be true but cannot be tested.

Question 23

Proposition

Answer 23

It is a formal statement that can be tested.

Question 24

KAWA (Japanese river)

Answer 24

Developed by Dr. Michael Iwama
Kawa means river in Japanese
*The elements:

-Water represents life flow and health; can be representative of one’s life from birth (river source) to death (mouth where river meets the sea), or it can represent the life of a whole group or collective.

-Rocks represent life circumstances and problems; rocks vary in size and impede the water’s flow. Could indicate injuries, illness, misfortunes, as well as developmental health conditions.

-Driftwood represents personal assets and liabilities, attributes that can help or hinder the water flow. Driftwood can create logjams in the river, but can also clear away rocks or other barriers, and create new pathways of flow.

-River bottom and sides represent external environmental factors, including width and depth (range and opportunity of flow) and the effect of social factors and relationships.

-Spaces between elements provide opportunities for occupational therapy interventions. We’re shifting elements can create new pathways of flow.

*Functioning is equated to the flow of the water in the river grader speed in volume, represents grader, health, and well-being.

Question 25

Model of Human Occupation (MOHO)

Answer 25

Grew fron Mary Reilly’s theory and developed by Gary Kielhofner

3 Elements:
-Volition: Motivation for occupation (personal causation, interests and values)
-Habituation: How we organize occupations into habits, routines and roles
-Performance capacity: Mental and physical abilities and our perception of them

3 levels of doing:
-Participation: get them to do the occupation.
-Performance: see how they do with the activity; strengths and weaknesses.
-Skills: how to get them to master the occupation.

*Equilibrium: a sense of order or balance
*Disequilibrium: A state of disorder

Question 26

Person, Environment, Occupation (PEOP)

Answer 26

Developed by Christensen & Baum
This model examines interdependent components that contribute to occupational performance among individuals and families, organizations in groups and populations and communities.

4 critical variables that influence performance, participation, and well-being:

1. Occupations: what a person want to needs to do in their daily lives as experienced through activities, tasks, and roles. This contributes to participation, which is defined as active engagement and involvement in occupations that contribute to well-being of individuals and communities.
2. Occupational performance: the doing of meaningful activities, tests and rules through complex interactions between the person environment.
3. Person factors (intrinsic): physiological, psychological, neurobehavioral, cognitive, and spiritual factors of an intrinsic nature, that support or limit occupational performance.
4. Environment factors (extrinsic): extrinsic factors that can enhance or limit a persons, occupation of performance, including culture, social determinants, social support, education, policy, physical and natural as well as assistive technology.

Client-centered refers to considering their narrative which is subjective data about a person population or organization that provides a realistic perception of the current situation, and the desired goals for intervention.

*Disruption in performance will make you participate less and will cause you to not feel very good.

4 phases:
-Narrative Phase (client’s perspective)
-Assessment and Evaluation Phase
-Intervention Phase
-Outcome Phase

Question 27

Person, Environment, Occupation (PEO)

Answer 27

Looks at the PERSON, OCCUPATION, & ENVIRONMENT together to consider FIT.

Also considers a spiritual component.

Question 28

Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP) and CMOP-E

Answer 28

-Grew out of the PEO Model
-Updated in 2013 to include E (Engagement) and a transactional dimension
-Became official Canadian occupational therapy model
-Intervention: considers 6 principles of client-centered practice

Question 29

Occupational Adaptation (OA)

Answer 29

-Published by Janet Schkade & Sally Shultz in 1992
-Combines brain research with concepts from occupational therapy practice
-Adaptation is necessary for healthy participation and engagement in occupations
-Goal is to promote a person’s effectiveness in being adaptive

Question 30

Ecology of Human Performance (EHP)

Answer 30

Developed by Winnie Dunn & co.
occupational performance is determined by the person, environment (context), and occupation (task)

4 components of this model:
-Person
-Tasks
-Context
1. Temporal Aspect: Age life cycle, SE class etc.
2. Environmental Aspect: Physical, social, cultural etc.
Performance: Encompasses the person-context-task transaction.

Intervention strategies:
Establish/restore: targets the person and are aimed at developing and improving skills and abilities so that the person can perform task in context

Adapt/modify: change the environment or task to increase the individual’s performance range

Alter: takes advantage of what is already occurring. Do not change the person, task, or environment but are designed to make a better fit

Prevent: are implemented to change the course of events when a negative outcome is predicted. Interventions that change the person, the environment or make a better match, all before a problem develops

Create: designed to promote and enrich performance in context (no assumptions)

Question 31

What does ACOTE do?

Answer 31

keeps standards in place for an education to become an OT.

Question 32

What does RA do?

Answer 32

makes decisions on making adjustments in the code of ethics and OTPF as well as the requirements for entry into the profession.

Question 33

What does NBCOT do?

Answer 33

accreditation body that looks as certification standards for individuals to practice