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Pharmacology 2 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is generalized Anxiety

A

most common type of anxiety, more common in women

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2
Q

What is panic disorder

A

fear causing them to be unable to perform daily activity, more common in women

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3
Q

What is OCD

A

The inability to control repeated thoughts, rituals are used to ease anxiety

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4
Q

what is PTSD

A

Caused by traumatic event

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5
Q

When is Panic Disorder treated?

A

When it interrupts daily routine

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6
Q

Anxiety disorders are treated with…

A

Serotonin, Aminobutyric acid, Norepinephrine

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7
Q

GABA is…

A

Aminobutyric acid

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8
Q

5-HT is…

A

Serotonin

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9
Q

NE is…

A

Norepinephrine

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10
Q

Anxiolytics are..

A

“anxiety destroyers”

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11
Q

Anxiolytics enhance…

A

the binding of y-aminobutyric acid to specific receptor

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12
Q

Beta Blockers are best for…

A

Short-term anxiety (public speaking)

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13
Q

GABAa receptors binding causes…

A

Cl ions channels to open and couple G proteins

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14
Q

Influx of CL ions result in…

A

hyperpolarization

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15
Q

benzodiazepines are best for…

A

short-term anxiety

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16
Q

MOA benzodiazepines

A

GABAa binding causes Cl ion channels to open

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17
Q

azapirones do not cause…

A

tolerance or dependence

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18
Q

Food decreases azapirones…

A

first pass-metabolism in liver

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19
Q

Food increases azapirones…

A

bioavailability

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20
Q

How long does it take for Azapirones therapeutic effect to start

A

1-3 weeks

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21
Q

MOA of azapirones

A

decreases neuronal firing by binding DA2 and 5-HT1A

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22
Q

DA2

A

Dopamine

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23
Q

Hydroxyzine is an…

A

Antihistamine for anxiety

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24
Q

Hydroxyzine is not recommended for…

A

Men with prostate disease or lactating women

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25
Q

Antidepressants can also be used to treat…

A

OCD
Panic Disorders
Social Phobia
PTSD

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26
Q

Example of SSRI

A

Paroxetine

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27
Q

SSRIs inhibit…

A

5-HT reuptake

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28
Q

TCAs inhabit the..

A

Reuptake of 5-HT and noradrenaline

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29
Q

MAOI binding increases…

A

Synaptic availability of 5-HT, noradrenaline and dopamine

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30
Q

Dysthymia is…

A

Similiar to depression but less severe

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31
Q

Biogenic theory of depression

A

decrease in monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain

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32
Q

Mania is associated with…

A

increase of monoamine neurotransmitters

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33
Q

Decreased Norepinephrine is associated with…

A

Depression

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34
Q

Increased norepinephrine is associated with…

A

Hypertension

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35
Q

Action of antidepressents may be linked to…

A

desensitization/regulation in pos-synaptic beta receptors

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36
Q

Serotonin is an…

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

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37
Q

drugs that increase serotonin can be…

A

used to treat depression

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38
Q

MOA TCA

A

black the reuptake of NE, 5-HT, and monoamine neurotransmitters

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39
Q

Examples of TCA

A

amitriptyline
clomipramine
desipramine
doxepin
imipramine
nortriptyline
trimipramine

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40
Q

adverse reactions of TCA

A

sedation
weight gain
hypotension
constipation
blurred vision
dry mouth

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41
Q

MOA SSRIs

A

Blockade of reuptake transporter move 5-HT across cell membrane, greater opportunity for binding

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42
Q

examples of SSRIs

A

Citalopram
fluoxetine
paroxetine
fluvoxamine
sertraline
Escitalopram

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43
Q

Adverse effects of SSRIs

A

decreased appetite
Nausea
agitation
anxiety
diarrhea
sexual dysfunction
serotonin syndrome
suicidal ideation

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44
Q

What is serotonin syndome

A

Build up of serotonin

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45
Q

SSRIs interact with…

A

anti-coagulants
antiplatelets
Tamoxifen

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46
Q

Monoamino oxidase inhibitors block the action of…

A

MAOs

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47
Q

Example of MAOI

A

Moclobemide
phenelzine
Tranylcypromine

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48
Q

MOA of MAOIs

A

interfere with degradation of monoamine neurotransmitters
results in more norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine for binding

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49
Q

How long does it take for MAO levels to return to normal after reversable MAOIs are dc

A

3-5 days

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50
Q

How long does it take for MAO levels to return to normal after dc irreversible MAOIs

A

2 weeks

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51
Q

adverse effects of MAOIs

A

sedation
dry mouth
urinary retention
constipation
orthostatic hypotension
impotence
weight gain
hypertension crisis

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52
Q

What is a hypertensive crisis

A

Drug interaction with food/drug

53
Q

MOA SNRI

A

Inhibit reuptake of 5-HT and NE

54
Q

Dual inhibition of 5-HT and NE is more effective than…

A

Single inhibition of 5HT and NE

55
Q

Adverse effects of SNRI

A

Nausea
Headache
Dry mouth
Hypertension
Dizziness
Sedation
Suicidal ideation

56
Q

SNRI Stands for

A

Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors

57
Q

MAOI stands for

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

58
Q

SSRI stands for

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

59
Q

NA/DRI have weak effects on…

A

DA and NE reuptake

60
Q

NA/DRI doses of what a strength can increase risks of seizures

A

450mg/day

61
Q

Heterocyclic antidepressants stimulate…

A

Cardiac function

62
Q

Trazodone is a weak…

A

Serotonin reuptake inhibitor

63
Q

Mirtazapine increases….

A

Norepinephrine and serotonin release

64
Q

Serotonin modulators are for…

A

Major depression in adults

65
Q

MOA serotonin modulators

A

Modulate serotonergic neurotransmitters in CNS

66
Q

Most common treatment for Bipolar Disorder

A

Lithium

67
Q

Lithium T1/2 is ___ and increase the…

A

24 hrs
Longer pt is on it

68
Q

Pt on lithium should get blood work done every…

A

3-6 months

69
Q

What can happen when using antidepressants for BPD

A

Can put pt into manic state

70
Q

Alzeimers is a…

A

Neurodenerative disease

71
Q

Cognitive symptoms Alzheimer’s

A

Forgetfullness
Confusion

72
Q

Physical symptoms Alzheimer’s

A

Difficulty moving

73
Q

Psychological symptoms alxheimers

A

Anxiety
Anger
Aggressiveness

74
Q

Alzheimer’s is caused by…

A

Damage to the hippocampus = cholinergic nerve cells in the brain

75
Q

How do Alzheimer plaques and tangles work?

A

Fill the spaces between neurons and interfere with transmission signals

76
Q

Comarbid conditions of Alzheimer’s

A

Cerebrovascular disease
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Sleep apnea
Parkinson’s disease

77
Q

Important neurotransmitters with Alzheimer’s

A

ACh
Glutamate
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

78
Q

Neurodegeneration reduces…

A

ACh levels
Glutamate binding
N-methyl-D-Aspartate binding

79
Q

AChE is an enzyme that…

A

Degrades AChE

80
Q

AChE inhibitors increase…

A

AChE levels

81
Q

Example of AChE inhibitors

A

Donepezil
Rivastigmine
Galantamine

82
Q

Donepezil is highly…

A

Protein bound and metabolized CYP 450 isoenzymes

83
Q

Rivastigmine inhibits…

A

Cholinesterase for up to 10 hours

84
Q

Rivastigmine solution must be drank within…

A

4 hours

85
Q

Galantamine has minimal…

A

Protein binding and CYP450 metabolism

86
Q

NMOA Antagonist MOA

A

Ebixa blocks the action of glutamate at NMDA receptor sites

87
Q

Memantine MOA

A

Blocks the action ls of glutamate at NMDA sites and is theorized to protect the neuron from further damage

88
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a nervous system disease involving…

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia and nigrostriatal pathways in the brain

89
Q

Symptoms of parkinsons

A

For word trunk tilt
Righty and trembling of head and extremities
Reduced arm swinging
Shuffling gait with short steps
Impairment of cognitive functions

90
Q

Parkinson’s symptoms are associated with…

A

Imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine

91
Q

Dopamine in Parkinson’s

A

Regulates direct and indirect extrapyramidal pathways

92
Q

D1 in Parkinson’s

A

Stimulation by dopamine facilitates muscle movement

93
Q

D2 in Parkinson’s

A

Stimulation results in impaired voluntary muscle movement

94
Q

Drugs used to treat Parkinson’s disease

A

Levodopa
Carbidopa
Benserazide
Tolcapone
Amantadine
Bromocriptine
Dopamine agonists

95
Q

Parkinsons drug MOA

A

Restore the balance between dopamine and acetylcholine ACh
Directly stimulate dopamine receptors

96
Q

Huntingtons disease is…

A

Progressive and degenerative disease of neurons

97
Q

With Huntingtons disease pt is deficient in…

A

ACh and GABA leading to hyperactivity of dopaminergic neurons

98
Q

Treatment of Huntingtons disease

A

Decrease excessive dopaminergic activity

99
Q

Drugs used to treat Huntingtons

A

Tetrabenazine
Haloperidol

100
Q

Opioid is a term used to describe a drug that acts like…

A

Morphine

101
Q

Opioids MOA

A

Bind to opioid receptors in CNS

102
Q

Mu opioid receptors stimulation produces what effects?

A

Analgesia
Euphoria
Respiratory depression
Pupil construction
Decreased GI motility
Physical dependence

103
Q

Kappa opioid receptor binding produces what effect?

A

Analgesia
Sedation
Pupil construction
Dysphoria
Hallucinations

104
Q

Delta opioid receptor stimulation produces what effect?

A

Analgesia
Decreases contraction of smooth muscle

105
Q

Agonists opioid activate which receptors?

A

Mu
Kappa
Delta

106
Q

What do opioid antagonists do?

A

Bind to the opioid receptor but do not activate it

107
Q

What is the onset of action for oral opioids

A

30 minutes

108
Q

Opioid antagonists are indicated for the reversal of…

A

Respiratory depression

109
Q

NSAIDS MOA

A

Decrease prostaglandin synthesis by inviting the action of cyclooxygenase

110
Q

COX-1 is found…

A

Throughout the body
Is important for control of blood flow

111
Q

COX-2 is formed in…

A

Selected cells as part of the immune response

112
Q

The first choice treatment for neuropathic pain is…

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

113
Q

Local anesthetics used to treat pain?

A

Lidocaine
Mexiletine
Capsaicin

114
Q

Thiazide diuretics are used to treat…

A

Hypertension

115
Q

Examples of Thiazide diuretics

A

Chlorothiazide
Chlorthalidone
Hydrochlorothiazide
Indapaminde
Metolazone
Polythiazide

116
Q

Thiazide diuretics MOA

A

Reduce cardiac output
Decrease peripheral resistance
Decrease reabsorption of Na+, H2O, Cl-

117
Q

Loop diuretics are used in the treatment of…

A

Hypertension

118
Q

Examples of loop diuretics

A

Bumetanide
Furosemide
Torsemide

119
Q

Loop diuretics are the most…

A

Potent diuretic

120
Q

Loop diuretic MOA

A

Block Na+ and K+

121
Q

Potassium sparing diuretics are used to treat…

A

Hypertension

122
Q

Example of potassium sparing diuretics

A

Amiloride
Triamterene

123
Q

Aldosterone antagonist is used to treat…

A

Hypertension

124
Q

Example of aldosterone antagonist

A

Spironolactone
Eplerenone

125
Q

Potassium sparing diuretics MOA

A

Inhibit sodium reabsorption while avoiding potassium loss

126
Q

Aldosterone antagonists MOA

A

Block the effects of aldosterone in kidney

127
Q

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors MOA

A

Reduces angiotensin 2 and aldosterone levels
Reduces peripheral resistance

128
Q

Angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists MOA

A

Reduce ventricular and arterial hypertrophy

Pharmacology 2 (1 decks)

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