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soils > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 prominent geological features in the Niagara Peninsula

A

-The Fonthill kame
-Vinemont moraine
-Lake Iroquoios bench/plain
-Haldimand clay plain
-Niagara escarpments (and Onondaga)

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2
Q

Glacial action resulting from slow moving ice

A

Glacio

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3
Q

Glacial action resulting from fast moving water

A

Fluvio
-Coarse textured
-Roughly sorted

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4
Q

Glacial action resulting from slow moving water

A

Lacustrine
-fine textured
-highly stratified/layered

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5
Q

course unsorted sediments as a result of glacial action

A

Till

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6
Q

Glacial till that is deposited in a ridge.

A

Moraines

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7
Q

A deposit of glacial till beginning in a depression on top of a glacier
and deposited during retreat.
(font hill)

A

Kame

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8
Q

Glacial deposits deposited in river beds located under melting glaciers

A

Eskers

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9
Q

soil is made from weathering. What are three examples?

A

-Sunlight (UV exposure)
-Temperature
-Rain

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10
Q

What is soil derived from?

A

Organic and inorganic materials

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11
Q

Does the rate of soil development depends on the composition of the bedrock/parent material

A

yes

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12
Q

How does Igneous rock weather

A

Through heat (slowly over time)

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13
Q

How does sedimentary rock weather

A

Trough gravitational accumulation (relatively quickly)

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14
Q

The most weathered horizon

A

A horizon

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15
Q

Why is the B horizon less weathered

A

Protection from A horizon

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16
Q

what horizon resembles the parent material

A

C horizon

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17
Q

What is the deference between Ah and Ae horizons

A

Ah is high in Organic matter
Ae is low in Organic matter

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18
Q

What is the Ap horizon

A

Soil disrupted through agricultural use

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19
Q

what horizon is the most active horizon and why?

A

A horizon
due to weathering, OM content and flora, Fauna

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20
Q

Why is the Bm horizon denser

A

Weight and compaction

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21
Q

Why is the Bt high in clay content

A

leaching from A zone

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22
Q

what causes greying in Bg horizon

A

high water table & alternating aerobic/anaerobic condition

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23
Q

Why is C horizon have a Higher pH that B horizon

A

due to limestone origin (in Niagara)

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24
Q

What horizon contains no - undetectable Organic Matter

A

C horizon

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25
Q

Characteristic of Ck Horizon

A

high in free carbonates (pH >7.5)

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26
Q

what are cores textured soils

A

sands

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27
Q

Drainage characteristics of of sandy soils

A

moderate to excessive water drainage

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28
Q

what are fine textured soils

A

silts and clay

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29
Q

Drainage characteristics of silty soils & clay

A

imperfect - poor water drainage

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30
Q

differences in drainage between tills and lacustrine

A

tills drain better due to the mixed particle size
Lacustrine soils drain more poorly due to fine deposits

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31
Q

what are three types of water in the soil matrix

A

gravitational water
capillary water
hygroscopic water

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32
Q

What is capillary water

A

water that is a attracted to particles that maintain continuous columns, where particles are fine and close together . main source of water for plants

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33
Q

What is Hydroscopic water

A

water that is bound to soil particles. is unavailable to plant

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34
Q

What is gravitational water

A

water that moves through the soil profile by gravity to accesses the normal ground water level

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35
Q

ground water table

A

level that the GW will naturally stabilize at

36
Q

perched water table

A

GW that is artificially stored above the normal water table.
caused by compaction layers, chemical accretions

37
Q

field capacity

A

the maximin amount of capillary water the soil type is capable of retaining, after GW has reached the water table

38
Q

Permanent wilting point

A

when only hydroscopic water is available in the soil profile. plants will not recover upon re wetting

39
Q

what is Field capacity also known as

A

Drained upper limit (dul)

40
Q

what are column of water that are held together by cohesion (polar molecule h2o) and adhesion

A

Capillaries

41
Q

are coarse soils able to maintain good capillaries integrity? why or why not

A

no. less surface area per unit V, to large to maintain good Capillary integrity

42
Q

void space

A

the space in the soil matrix other than soil particles

43
Q

soil with moderate to high pH made of limerstone

A

Clay

44
Q

soil with moderate to low pH
made from igneous formations

A

sand

45
Q

soil high in organic matter
(25–30%)

A

musk soils

46
Q

soil solutions govern minerals what?

A

solubility and availability

47
Q

are minerals available for plant uptake when not in solution

A

no

48
Q

chemical equation for ionic Equilibrium

A

dissolved CO2 -> carbonic acid -> dissociation h^+

49
Q

part of the root that has low permeability & and slow entry
* hint active cell division *

A

root cap

50
Q

part of the root that has rapid entry

A

root hair zone

51
Q

what is interception

A

root hairs make contract with minerals in soil solution

52
Q

what is diffusion

A

very slow movement of minerals in solution to meet an ion concentration gradient (caused by plant uptake

53
Q

what is mass flow

A

loss of water through stomates creates a deficit in vapor pressure, causing more water to be absorbed by the root

54
Q

true or false minerals don’t need to cross a differentially permeable membrane on root hairs

A

false (they do)

55
Q

True or False: arbuscular & vesicular mycorrhizae decrease the membrane surface area and increases the lvl of mineral uptake

A

false ( mycorrhizae icrease )

56
Q

True or False: P solubility is problematic at low pH and high pH

A

True

57
Q

why is Phosphorus fertilization is difficult

A

the narrow zone of solubility

58
Q

why dose Niagara have low lvl of Phosphorus

A

limestone release low Phosphorus levels

59
Q

clay have multiple layers of what

A

mica (with negative layers )

60
Q

do clays normally have a high or low pH

A

high

61
Q

do sands normally have a high moderate or low pH

A

moderate

62
Q

three things to note when observing mineral nutrition

A

Leaf colouration
growth stage
morphological abnormalities

63
Q

what is chlorosis

A

loss of natural pigment in various pattern

64
Q

what is necrosis

A

death of various patterns

65
Q

what is Veinal,

A

interveinal or marginals patterns

66
Q

where dose growth stage affect in young tissue

A

shoot tips

67
Q

where dose growth stage affect in older tissue

A

lower leaves

68
Q

what are 2 morphological abnormalities

A

shoot direction
splitting of stems/fruit
leaf shape failure
cluster rachis failure

69
Q

three soil minerals that macro

A

N, P, Ca, Mg. S

70
Q

three soil minerals that micro

A

Mn, Zn, Fe, B, Na, (Mo, Cu)

71
Q

What confounding conditions, involve virus infection

A

Disease

72
Q

What confounding conditions, involve Hormone herbicides, glyphosate, triazines

A

Herbicide damage

73
Q

What confounding conditions, involve Potato leafhopper, thrips, Lygus bugs

A

Pests

74
Q

What confounding conditions, involve Drought/flooding, salt contamination, ozone

A

Physiological/environmental

75
Q

Advantages to soil analyses

A

done at any time
no special tools needed
simple
relatively stable samples

76
Q

Disadvantages to soil analyses

A

-usually no N analysis as too unstable
-not a good indicator of uptake for perennials
-sample depth needs to be appropriate for crop
-may be a pH/cation interaction preventing uptake

77
Q

Advantages to tissue analyses

A

-specific snapshot of uptake,
-small sample requirement,
-comparison of poor/good areas,
-quick analysis allows for present season remedial applications
(micronutrients),

78
Q

Disadvantages to tissue analyses

A

-confounded with fungicides (Zn, S, Mn),
-time critical
-Sample leaf age critical
-need vineyard history for best context

79
Q

when should Nitrogen be applied

A

-Spring, broadcast, first cultivation of the cover crop
-Split – first cultivation + bloom/set
-Must match root growth, solubility to avoid leaching

80
Q

when should Potassium be applied

A

Pre-bloom to match root growth
Banded to improve efficiency

81
Q

there’s nothing on this card

A

lol

82
Q

when should Blend (10-10-10) be applied

A

At sowing of cover crop, mid July

83
Q

when should Boron be applied

A

Just prior to full bloom

84
Q

when should Zinc, Manganese be applied

A

probably post bloom
Very weather dependent

85
Q

when should Magnesium be applied

A

usually 2-3 times per season,
July/August

soils (1 decks)

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