midterm Flashcards
Name 3 prominent geological features in the Niagara Peninsula
-The Fonthill kame
-Vinemont moraine
-Lake Iroquoios bench/plain
-Haldimand clay plain
-Niagara escarpments (and Onondaga)
Glacial action resulting from slow moving ice
Glacio
Glacial action resulting from fast moving water
Fluvio
-Coarse textured
-Roughly sorted
Glacial action resulting from slow moving water
Lacustrine
-fine textured
-highly stratified/layered
course unsorted sediments as a result of glacial action
Till
Glacial till that is deposited in a ridge.
Moraines
A deposit of glacial till beginning in a depression on top of a glacier
and deposited during retreat.
(font hill)
Kame
Glacial deposits deposited in river beds located under melting glaciers
Eskers
soil is made from weathering. What are three examples?
-Sunlight (UV exposure)
-Temperature
-Rain
What is soil derived from?
Organic and inorganic materials
Does the rate of soil development depends on the composition of the bedrock/parent material
yes
How does Igneous rock weather
Through heat (slowly over time)
How does sedimentary rock weather
Trough gravitational accumulation (relatively quickly)
The most weathered horizon
A horizon
Why is the B horizon less weathered
Protection from A horizon
what horizon resembles the parent material
C horizon
What is the deference between Ah and Ae horizons
Ah is high in Organic matter
Ae is low in Organic matter
What is the Ap horizon
Soil disrupted through agricultural use
what horizon is the most active horizon and why?
A horizon
due to weathering, OM content and flora, Fauna
Why is the Bm horizon denser
Weight and compaction
Why is the Bt high in clay content
leaching from A zone
what causes greying in Bg horizon
high water table & alternating aerobic/anaerobic condition
Why is C horizon have a Higher pH that B horizon
due to limestone origin (in Niagara)
What horizon contains no - undetectable Organic Matter
C horizon
Characteristic of Ck Horizon
high in free carbonates (pH >7.5)
what are cores textured soils
sands
Drainage characteristics of of sandy soils
moderate to excessive water drainage
what are fine textured soils
silts and clay
Drainage characteristics of silty soils & clay
imperfect - poor water drainage
differences in drainage between tills and lacustrine
tills drain better due to the mixed particle size
Lacustrine soils drain more poorly due to fine deposits
what are three types of water in the soil matrix
gravitational water
capillary water
hygroscopic water
What is capillary water
water that is a attracted to particles that maintain continuous columns, where particles are fine and close together . main source of water for plants
What is Hydroscopic water
water that is bound to soil particles. is unavailable to plant
What is gravitational water
water that moves through the soil profile by gravity to accesses the normal ground water level
ground water table
level that the GW will naturally stabilize at
perched water table
GW that is artificially stored above the normal water table.
caused by compaction layers, chemical accretions
field capacity
the maximin amount of capillary water the soil type is capable of retaining, after GW has reached the water table
Permanent wilting point
when only hydroscopic water is available in the soil profile. plants will not recover upon re wetting
what is Field capacity also known as
Drained upper limit (dul)
what are column of water that are held together by cohesion (polar molecule h2o) and adhesion
Capillaries
are coarse soils able to maintain good capillaries integrity? why or why not
no. less surface area per unit V, to large to maintain good Capillary integrity
void space
the space in the soil matrix other than soil particles
soil with moderate to high pH made of limerstone
Clay
soil with moderate to low pH
made from igneous formations
sand
soil high in organic matter
(25–30%)
musk soils
soil solutions govern minerals what?
solubility and availability
are minerals available for plant uptake when not in solution
no
chemical equation for ionic Equilibrium
dissolved CO2 -> carbonic acid -> dissociation h^+
part of the root that has low permeability & and slow entry
* hint active cell division *
root cap
part of the root that has rapid entry
root hair zone
what is interception
root hairs make contract with minerals in soil solution
what is diffusion
very slow movement of minerals in solution to meet an ion concentration gradient (caused by plant uptake
what is mass flow
loss of water through stomates creates a deficit in vapor pressure, causing more water to be absorbed by the root
true or false minerals don’t need to cross a differentially permeable membrane on root hairs
false (they do)
True or False: arbuscular & vesicular mycorrhizae decrease the membrane surface area and increases the lvl of mineral uptake
false ( mycorrhizae icrease )
True or False: P solubility is problematic at low pH and high pH
True
why is Phosphorus fertilization is difficult
the narrow zone of solubility
why dose Niagara have low lvl of Phosphorus
limestone release low Phosphorus levels
clay have multiple layers of what
mica (with negative layers )
do clays normally have a high or low pH
high
do sands normally have a high moderate or low pH
moderate
three things to note when observing mineral nutrition
Leaf colouration
growth stage
morphological abnormalities
what is chlorosis
loss of natural pigment in various pattern
what is necrosis
death of various patterns
what is Veinal,
interveinal or marginals patterns
where dose growth stage affect in young tissue
shoot tips
where dose growth stage affect in older tissue
lower leaves
what are 2 morphological abnormalities
shoot direction
splitting of stems/fruit
leaf shape failure
cluster rachis failure
three soil minerals that macro
N, P, Ca, Mg. S
three soil minerals that micro
Mn, Zn, Fe, B, Na, (Mo, Cu)
What confounding conditions, involve virus infection
Disease
What confounding conditions, involve Hormone herbicides, glyphosate, triazines
Herbicide damage
What confounding conditions, involve Potato leafhopper, thrips, Lygus bugs
Pests
What confounding conditions, involve Drought/flooding, salt contamination, ozone
Physiological/environmental
Advantages to soil analyses
done at any time
no special tools needed
simple
relatively stable samples
Disadvantages to soil analyses
-usually no N analysis as too unstable
-not a good indicator of uptake for perennials
-sample depth needs to be appropriate for crop
-may be a pH/cation interaction preventing uptake
Advantages to tissue analyses
-specific snapshot of uptake,
-small sample requirement,
-comparison of poor/good areas,
-quick analysis allows for present season remedial applications
(micronutrients),
Disadvantages to tissue analyses
-confounded with fungicides (Zn, S, Mn),
-time critical
-Sample leaf age critical
-need vineyard history for best context
when should Nitrogen be applied
-Spring, broadcast, first cultivation of the cover crop
-Split – first cultivation + bloom/set
-Must match root growth, solubility to avoid leaching
when should Potassium be applied
Pre-bloom to match root growth
Banded to improve efficiency
there’s nothing on this card
lol
when should Blend (10-10-10) be applied
At sowing of cover crop, mid July
when should Boron be applied
Just prior to full bloom
when should Zinc, Manganese be applied
probably post bloom
Very weather dependent
when should Magnesium be applied
usually 2-3 times per season,
July/August
