Midterm

Question 1

Expulsion

Answer 1

In general, colonists arrived in the 13 colonies, which eventually beca,e the US, looking for land to farm and own. This includes both small holders who are looking to establish farm, as well as colonists in the south who envisioned plantations

In these cases, the removal of indigenous people is important. In many cases the land must be fenced denying them access to traditional practices.

Question 2

Articulation

Answer 2

Describes the French system in which a few men establish relationships with Indigenous people for trade

The Europeans built places of commerce that may eventually grow into larger centres

*coexistence of indigenous and Europeans - intermarriage common indigenous people stay in their territories and work with/for the Europeans

Question 3

Stratification

Answer 3

Approach where indigenous peoples are apart of the landscape but were Enslaved to the colonists

Relied on hierarchy (first = Spain, second = white from Spain, etc.)
*ex. w Spanish : by the 1500s the Spanish were giving large parcels of land to explorers, administrative officials, even priests
* land was called “encomiendas” (to entrust)

The owner would build a large home on the land but relied on the labour of indigenous peoples who lived and previously controlled the land

Question 4

Survey

Answer 4

Initially a survey was “ceremonial” that affirmed the position of the owner over the tenants.

By the 16th century a surveyor was tasked with measuring the land

This created a shift on thinking of who were the occupiers of the land and viewing land as a commodity controlled by owners over traditional customs.

This resulted in the “closing of the commons” and the displacement of farmers from the land they had farmed for many years. He calls this “agrarian warfare”

“Law fare” a means of displacing indigenous peoples.

Role of the surveyor often shifted to military. Here in bc early work was done by Royal engineers

Question 5

Grid

Answer 5

“The grid is a pervasive form of disciplinary rule backed by sovereign power. As we make sense of and navigate the grid on a daily basis, we internalize and reproduce the ‘self restraint’ associated with property”

The grid includes public and private spaces. The shopping mall example: during opening hours individuals can use the mall but when the doors close it is unlawful to be inside.

Socialization and grid - we understand that we can walk on a sidewalk but not on someone’s front yard. Our concept of property privileges the owners control rather than those who might use or inhabit spaces

Legalized violence?? - threat of legal violence is used as a deterrent

Question 6

Frontier

Answer 6

Frontier: the extreme limit of settled land beyond which lies wilderness, especially referring to the western US before Pacific settlement.

The very existence of that deemed property relies on a distinction to a domain of non property.

Inside the frontier lie secure tenure, fee-simple ownership and state guaranteed rights to property.

Inside lies tabilkty and order, outside disorder, violence and bare life.

Lproperty and law are one. They are born together and die together. Without law you don’t have property

See page 125 blomley article

Question 7

Tryworks

Answer 7

Is located at the aft and is the most distinguishing feature of a whaling ship - also located on the harbour

It is a furnace and is used to heat whale blubber for oil

Whale oil was used for lighting and lubrication

Question 8

Green cod

Answer 8

French preferred a “Wet” cured cod (green cod)

Cod was heavily salted in the hold or packed in brine.

The resulting product was green cod.

This was important as it preserved the fish ensuring they did not need to come ashore.

Question 9

Dry cod

Answer 9

The English favoured a “dry” cure - it was easily transported

The fish were brought to shore and cleaned, split , and laid out on elaborate “flakes” to dry

This method used salt more sparingly it was called “saltfish”

Question 10

Coat beaver

Answer 10

Europeans values “coat beaver” or castor gras - worn by hunters (usually indigenous) for a season and then were traded

This wear helped to remove the guard hairs and human sweat allowed for it to become soft

The remaining under fur consisted of barbed hairs that formed a durable, luxurious felt. Hatter shaved the wool from skins and used as leather and the wool into felt

Question 11

Hochelaga

Answer 11

15th century Iroquoia village in now Montreal.

Cartier arrived oct.2 1535

Cartier was told by Iroquoia that there were other rivers that led farther west where gold, silver, copper, and spices could be found (kingdom of saguenay)

Question 12

Stadacona

Answer 12

Cartier’s first voyage:

Stadacona (Quebec city) and met an Iroquoian named donacona who was head man in stadacona and protested cartiers action of planting a cross

Here is where Cartier kidnapped donaconas sons as proof to show king Francis of France of Quebec

Question 13

Kingdom of the Saguenay

Answer 13

His final voyage

Has its name in Iroquoia legend

According to the Iroquoians, there was a kingdom to the north, with riches, in a place they called saguenay

In 1541 cartiers embarked on final voyage to find the kingdom of saguenay and plant colony. Unknowingly he found fools gold and quartz.

Carter got greedy and undermined goal of planting there basically just left thinking he was rich and ended up not planting a colony

Question 14

Fief

Answer 14

Nobles would be given a ‘fief’ and controlled the land if they helped the king in some way

An estate that was held from the king or from another lord in homage and subject to other charges. The owner could subdivide the land into smaller fiefs (subinfeodation)

The fief was owned by the crown

Question 15

Habitant

Answer 15

Habitants: the original French settlers

The colony had a semi-feudal structure which granted territorial rights to the crown, landlord (seigneur) and peasant farmer (habitant) - and the Catholic parish, which shared a similar structure of hierarchal structure of bishop, parish priest and parishioner (habitant)

Expected to use the seigneurs facilities- grain mill (banalite) and ovens

Some Censitaires expected to build roads (corvee)

Seigneur was responsible for building the church the habitants paid for it as well as the services for the priest

Habitants were meant to defer to the seigneur pay a fee or cents annually to the church. (Money given to the seigneur who would send money to the crown

Rente was paid yearly and could be paid in money, goods, services

Question 16

Seigneury

Answer 16

Seigneurs were granted long tracks of land along river systems of colonies where they would carve their own farm or domain.

Provided land and long narrow strips of land stretching from the back of the riverfront for the censitaries

Seigneur was expected to build a manor house, a gristmill, and a church

Seigneury became the centre of population and community along the river

Roads were not existence or in poor condition

Each of the named areas is called a cote

Question 17

Iroquois confederacy

Answer 17

Haudenosaunee signed a peace treaty with 5 nations (later 6)
* mohawk
* Oneida
* cayuga
* Seneca
* Onondaga
* later Tuscarora

“Great law of peace”

Barely held their own to begin with as they did not trade with the Dutch for guns as the Huron and Mohican groups did but in 1628 the Mohawk had emerged to defeat the Mohican and the Hudson River valley tribes and New England tribes under tribute for good and wampum

Mohawk traded beaver pelts to Dutch in exchange for firearms

Role in French and British rivalry
* French were allies to enemy algonquins and Hurons
* after Iroquoia defeated Huron in 1648-50 they launched devastating attacks on New France

18th century
* became dependent on British in albany for European goods and remained consistent and bitter enemies of the French

Question 18

Wendat confederacy

Answer 18

A confederacy of four Iroquoia speaking bands of the Huron nation - rock, bear, cord, and deer bands enemies of the Iroquois

Joined to protect them against the Iroquoia confederacy

In 1615 there were about 25 to 30 000 in wendake

In 1636 Wendat were weakened by disease (haudenosaunee attacks increased)
* wendat fell in spring and tribes were dispersed

Question 19

Clan mothers

Answer 19

Held the highest form of communal authority
* selected chiefs who inherited the confederacy’s primary (or federal) chieftainships
* named the individuals who succeed deceased leaders

Mohawk women initiated the process following Champlains attack

As Iroquois endured the lethal combination of warfare and disease, women dominated the daily life of village and politics even more

“No one was there” reported a Dutch trader harmen meyndertsz van bogaert during his 1634 winter tour of Mohawk villages, “but women”

Question 20

Mi’kmaq

Answer 20

Lived in Newfoundland; were helpful to the Europeans - started with the French; seasonal lifestyle of hunting and fishing; still a settlement Conne River

The Catholic French seemed to have the best relations with the mikmaq as a chief accepted baptism in 1610

mi’kmaq and the acadiens (Catholic) intermarried resulting in a blended society

The Mikmaq divide their territory into sections. They lived in wigwam (tent like structures made of bark)
Each region is led by a chief
*the chief from New Brunswick is called the “grand chief”
*the people chose the chief for abilities to lead in war and hunt, but also in keeping peace and negotiating alliances

Question 21

Aboiteau

Answer 21

Unique draining system that allowed water into the salt marshes but did not permit the water to drain out.
It was comprised of sluice, the channel which allowed water to travel beneath the dyke and a clappe which controlled the flow of water

People in Northern Europe developed this type of land use / management along the coast

Although it did not require cleaning the land, building the dikes required a significant amount of labour and time (communal activities)

The reclaimed land was very productive and had a lot of organic materials which was great for planting

Mostly the acadiens did this

Question 22

Salt Marsh

Answer 22

A coastal ecosystem in the upper coastal intertidal zone between land and open saltwater or brackish water that is regularly flooded by tides

Acadiens would set up farms on these areas which were rich in nutrients and with the help of the abeauteu it allowed for their crops to not flood

Question 23

Port Royal

Answer 23

Establishment created by Samuel de Champlain in 1605 - one of the first establishments in Canada

From 1605-1713 Acadia shifted from French to British control 8 times

In 1613 British took control

The acadians cooperated with the British. They helped repair port Royal & they piloted ships in the bay of fundy and provided a liaison with the mikmaq

Question 24

Terra Nullius

Answer 24

In the doctrine of discovery was the international law thst gave license to explorers to claim vans to land (terra nullius) in the name of their sovereign
* vacant land of course was that which was not populated by Christians

Question 25

Mercantilism

Answer 25

Mercantilism is a theory that maintains that wealth is built through trade
* buy low and sell high

France and Britain would import goods to the colonies and import raw materials that could be turned into goods that could be sold to other European countries
* colonies were expected to produce goods such as tobacco, furs, timber, and fish

Question 26

Pontiac

Answer 26

Pontiacs war of 1763

In may of 1763, the British gvmt was confronted with an open rebellion (Pontiac rebellion) by indigenous on the Great Lakes region

They feared losing rights now that Britain controlled the entire northern half of the continent and that - they could not use the power of one European power to counterbalance the other

Question 27

Guadeloupe

Answer 27

As part of the treaty of Paris France gives up its claims to the colony and negotiated to keep the small profitable island of Guadeloupe

A portion of eastern North America in 1774 after the Quebec act; Quebec extends all the way to the Mississippi River

Question 28

Proclamation of 1763

Answer 28

The Royal proclamation of October of 1763 was a statement of policy for government in the lands previously held by the French

Also designed to regulate relations with indigenous peoples

Came from the crown; was not an act of parliament

Did 3 things:

1. Established the boundaries and governance structures for four newly acquired colonies: Quebec, east and west Florida, and Grenada. Also annexed st Jean (pei) and cape breton to Nova Scotia
2. Established grants in the land for veterans of the 7 years war
3. Extended the crowns claim to indigenous territory unoccupied and previously unclaimed by the British crown or its subjects

Proclamation gave Quebec its first civil government since the conquest of 1760

The constitution defined the new territory of the colony- essentially the st.Lawrence valley and named it province of Quebec
*the inhabitants of the province were forbidden from entering the western territories without first obtaining a permit

This would hamper the fur trade

Question 29

Quebec Act 1774

Answer 29

Revoked portions of the Royal proclamation- and the province was enlarged to include the much-disputed Ohio valley

A modified oath made it possible for the canadiens to participate in the running of the colony. Roman Catholics were emancipated in Quebec a full half century before their co-religionists in Britain received similar benefits

Question 30

Black Loyalists

Answer 30

Slaves in the 13 colonies and were promised “freedom and farm”.

They were treated horrible upon arrival and given small farms with terrible land

Britain offered them better land in sierra leon