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Professions > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Combining Vowel

A

When a medical term contains more than one root, each is joined by a vowel, usually an “o”. It allows for easier pronunciation.
Ex. hyperlipoproteinemia

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2
Q

Simple vs Compound suffixes

A

Simple: form basic terms. For example -ic meaning pertaining to. When combined with the root gastr it forms gastric

Compound: Formed by a root and a suffix combined to create another suffix. For example the root tom (to cut) combined with the suffix -y forms the compound suffix -tomy meaning incision

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3
Q

4 catagories of suffixes

A

Symptomatic suffix: describes the evidence of illness. Ex: -spasm

Diagnostic suffix: identifies a medical condition. Ex: -emia or -itis

Surgical suffix: describes a surgical treatment. Ex: -tomy or -ectomy

General suffix: has general application such as to form an adjective or noun. Ex: -al, -ic, or -logy

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4
Q

4 rules of medical terminology

A
  1. A combining vowel is used to join a root to another root or to a suffix that begins with a consonant. Ex: gastr/o + entr/o + -stomy
  2. A combining vowel is NOT used before a suffix that begins with a vowel. Ex: vas/o + -ectomy is spelled vasectomy
  3. If the root ends in a vowel and the suffix begins with the same, drop one and do NOT use a combining vowel. Ex: cardi + -itis is spelled carditis
  4. Occasionally when a prefix ends in a vowel and the root begins with a vowel, the vowel is dropped from the prefix. Ex: para- + enter/o + -al is spelled parenteral
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5
Q

Macron and breve

A

Macron is placed above vowels that have a long sound (when they say their letter name such as the ā in day or the ē in bee). It is a straight line above the letter

Breve is placed over vowels that have short sounds such as ă in alone or the ŭ in sun. It is a little curve above the letter

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6
Q

Levels of organization

A

cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

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7
Q

Body planes

A

Coronal/Frontal = front and back (or anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal) halves

Sagittal = right and left halves

Transverse = top and bottom (or superior/cephalic and inferior/caudal) halves

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8
Q

Recumbent meaning
Decubitus meaning
Supine vs Prone

A

Recumbent: lying down
Decubitus: lying down especially in a bed. Lateral decubitus is lying on your side
Supine: lying on back; face up
Prone: lying on stomach; face down

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9
Q

Flexion vs Extension

A

Flexion: bending at the joint. Angle between bones is decreased

Extension: straightening at the joint. Angle between bones is increased

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10
Q

Abduction vs Adduction

A

Abduction: movement away from the body

Adduction: movement towards the body

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11
Q

Rotation

A

circular movement around an axis

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12
Q

Eversion vs Inversion

A

Eversion: turning outwards (ex. foot)

Inversion: turning inwards (ex. foot)

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13
Q

Supination vs Pronation

A

Supination: turning upward or forward of the palmar surface (palm of hand) or plantar surface (sole of foot)

Pronation: turning downward or backward of the palmar surface (palm of hand) or plantar surface (sole of foot)

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14
Q

Dorsiflexion vs Plantar flexion

A

Dorsiflexion: bending of the toes or the foot upward

Plantar flexion: bending of the sole of the foot by curling toes towards ground

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15
Q

Divisions of the abdomen

A

4 quadrants: Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

  • Right and left hypochondriac regions (top, lateral)
  • Epigastric region (in between the hypochondriac regions)
  • Umbilical region (below epigastric region. Right in the centre)
  • Right and left lumbar regions (on either side of the umbilical region)
  • Right and left iliac regions (below lumbar regions)
  • Hypogastric region (between the iliac regions and below the umbilical region)
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16
Q

H&P
Hx
CC
c/o

A

History and physical
History
Chief Complaint
Complains of

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17
Q

PI
HPI
Sx
PH/PMH

A

Present illness
History of present illness
Symptoms
Past history/past medical history

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18
Q

UCHD
NKDA
FH
SH
OH

A

Usual childhood diseases
No known drug allergies
Family history (A&W = alive and well or L&W = living and well)
Social history (hobbies, alcohol, use of tobacco)
Occupational history

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19
Q

ROS/SR
PE
Px
NAD

A

Review of systems/systems review (head to toe review of all body systems to evaluate other symptoms that may not have been mentioned)
Physical examination
Physical
No acute distress

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20
Q

HEENT
PERRLA
WNL
R/O

A

Head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat
Pupils equal, round and reactive to light accommodation
Within normal limits
Rule out

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21
Q

IMP
Dx
A
P

A

Impression
Diagnosis
Assessment (identification of disease or condition is recorded in the IMP, Dx or A)
Plan (plan for treating patient. Also called recommendation or disposition)

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22
Q

SOAP method for documenting patient’s progress

A

Subjective: what patient describes (only what patient can feel such as shortness of breath or sharp pains)

Objective: test results, vitals, swelling (what we can see/what the patient can’t tell us)

Assessment: patient progress and evaluation of plan effectiveness

Plan: decision to proceed or alter plan strategy

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23
Q

Attending physician

Physician’s orders

Nurse’s notes and physician’s progress notes

A

Attending physician: doctor who admits patient to the hospital

Physician’s orders: lists the directives for care prescribed by the doctor attending to the patient

Nurse’s notes and physician’s progress notes: record the care throughout the patient’s stay

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24
Q

Consultation report

Operative report

Anesthesiologist’s report

A

Consultation report: filed after a specialist examines the patient after being called in by the attending physician

Operative report: required from the primary surgeon where a detailed description of the operation is given including method of incision, tools used, method of closure, etc

Anesthesiologist’s report: must be filed post surgery covering the drugs used, dose and time given, and vital signs throughout the procedure

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25
Q

Ancillary reports

Discharge summary

A

Ancillary reports: note any additional procedures and therapies including diagnostic tests and pathology reports

Discharge summary: also called clinical resume, clinical summary, or discharge abstract summarizes patient’s care (tests, treatments, final diagnoses, date of admission, etc)

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26
Q

AD
AS
AU
OD
OS
OU

A

AD: right ear
AS: left ear
AU: both ears
OD: right eye
OS: left eye
OU: both eyes

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27
Q

DC
D/C
h.s.
q.d.
q.o.d.
ss
SC, SQ, sub-Q

A

DC: discharge
D/C: discontinue
h.s.: bedtime
q.d.: everyday
q.o.d.: every other day
ss: one half
SC, SQ, sub-Q: subcutaneous

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28
Q

CCU
ECU
IP
OP
PACU
PAR
RTC
RTO

A

CCU: coronary (cardiac) care unit
ECU: emergency care unit
IP: inpatient
OP: outpatient
PACU: post-anesthesia care unit
PAR: post-anesthesia recovery
RTC: return to clinic
RTO: return to office

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29
Q

BRP
CP
ETOH
L with circle around it
R with circle around it
m with circle around it

A

BRP: bathroom privileges
CP: chest pain
ETOH: ethyl alcohol
L with circle around it: left
R with circle around it: right
m with circle around it: murmur

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30
Q

Pt
RRR
SOB
Tr
Tx
VS

A

Pt: patient
RRR: regular rate and rhythm
SOB: shortness of breath
Tr: treatment
Tx: treatment, traction
VS: vital signs

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31
Q

T
P
R
BP
Ht
Wt
WDWN
y/o

A

T: temperature
P: pulse
R: respiration
BP: blood pressure
Ht: height
Wt: weight
WDWW: well developed well nourished
y/o: years old

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32
Q

cc
g or gm
cu mm
fl oz
gr
gt
gtt
qt

A

cc: cubic centimeter
g or gm: gram
cu mm: cubic millimeter
fl oz: fluid ounce
gr: grain
gt: drop
gtt: drops
qt: quart

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33
Q

Tab
Cap
Suppos
p.o
SL
PV
PR

A

Tab: tablet
Cap: capsule
Suppos: suppository (inserted into body and continuously releases medication)
p.o: per os = by mouth
SL: sublingual = under the tongue
PV: per vagina
PR: per rectum

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34
Q

ID
IM
IV
Transdermal

A

ID: intradermal = within the skin
IM: intramuscular = within the muscle
IV: intravenous = within the vein
Transdermal: absorption of drug through unbroken skin

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35
Q

Rx
Sig

A

Rx: recipe (commonly used to identify a prescription)

Sig: specific instructions for administration

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36
Q

Chemical name
Generic name
Trade or brand name

A

Chemical name: assigned to the drug in the lab at the time it is invented. It is the formula for the drug written according to its chemical structure

Generic name: the official, nonproprietary name

Trade or brand name: the manufacturer’s name for a drug

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37
Q

ā
a.c.
a.m.
b.i.d.
d
h
noc
p̄

A

ā: before
a.c.: before meals
a.m.: before noon
b.i.d.: twice a day
d: day
h: hour
noc: night
p̄: after

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38
Q

p.c.
p.m.
p.r.n.
q
qh
q2h
q.i.d.
q.o.d.

A

p.c.: after meals
p.m.: after noon
p.r.n.: as needed
q: every
qh: every hour
q2h: every 2 hours
q.i.d.: 4 times a day
q.o.d.: every other day

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39
Q

STAT
t.i.d.
ad lib.
c̅
NPO
per
s̅

A

STAT: immediately
t.i.d.: three times a day
ad lib.: as desired
c̅: with
NPO: nothing by mouth
per: by or through
s̅: without

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40
Q

Acute
Benign
Chronic
Degeneration

A

Acute: a condition that has intense, often severe symptoms in a short course

Benign: mild or noncancerous

Chronic: a condition that develops slowly and persists over time

Degeneration: gradual deterioration of normal cells and body functions

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41
Q

Degenerative disease
Etiology
Exacerbation
Febrile

A

Degenerative disease: any disease in which deterioration of the structure or function of tissue occurs

Etiology: the cause of a disease

Exacerbation: an aggravation or flare up of symptoms

Febrile: relating to a fever

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42
Q

Localized
Malignant
Prognosis
Progressive
Remission

A

Localized: limited to a definite area or part of the body

Malignant: harmful, cancerous

Prognosis: prediction of the likely outcome

Progressive: the advance of a condition as the signs and symptoms increase in severity

Remission: a period in which symptoms and signs stop

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43
Q

Sign vs Symptom

A

Sign: a mark; objective evidence of disease that can be seen or verified by an examiner

Symptom: subjective evidence of disease that is perceived by the patient and often noted in their words

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44
Q

Communication loop

A

Sender –> Receiver –> Feedback
The end goal of communication is understanding

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45
Q

Barriers to communication

A

Process - disease (such as Alzheimer’s)

Personal - cultural/personal beliefs, fear, healthcare worker has a bad day and patient picks up on it

Physical - immobility, hearing aids, glasses

Semantic - language difference, miscommunication, jargon, symbols with different meaning (misinterpretation). Ex: using words the patient won’t know, have to dumb it down

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46
Q

Goals of patient communication

A

Primary: proximal to the purpose of the specific patient - professional interaction; e.g. gather information, make decisions, informed consent.

Enabling: elements that affect the ability to achieve primary goals; building trusting relationship (first impressions ie smile to make them feel comfortable)

Secondary: bi-product of effect communication; e.g. reduced anxiety as a result of the interaction .

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47
Q

Verbal and Nonverbal communication

A

Verbal: spoken. Makes up 35% of face to face communication

Nonverbal: facial expressions, tone of voice, movement, appearance, eye contact, gestures, posture, etc. Makes up 65% of face to face communication

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48
Q

DISC

A

D: DOMINANT
- Direct, decisive, doer, demanding, task focused, active

I: INFLUENTIAL
- inspirational, interactive, interesting, impulsive, irritating, people focused, active

S: STEADY
- stable, supportive, sincere, slow, sensitive, people focused, reflective

C: COMPLIANT
- cautious, careful, conscientious, calculating, condescending, task focused, reflective

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49
Q

4 E’s to communication

A

Engagement: first contact with patient, establish a connection, first impression based on nonverbal communication. Ex: getting patient from the waiting room

Empathy: make sure the patient feels seen, heard, and accepted. Make eye contact, get down on their level, give them their space, don’t put anything between you like a desk, don’t interrupt them, never appear judgemental. Ex: preparing for a discussion about the procedure that’s about to happen

Education: what do you need the patient to know? What does the patient want to know? How ready is the patient to receive information? Make sure to check for understanding. Ex: explaining the procedure

Enlistment: working together to achieve what needs to be done, remember patient’s have the choice

50
Q

CLASS

A

Context –> physical space (privacy, eye level, barriers), body language, eye contact

Listening skills
Acknowledgment
Strategy
Summary

51
Q

Communication styles

A

Controller/Director: the D in DISC
commander, values getting the job done, delegating work to others, risk taker, not shy but private, takes charge, competitive, perceived as bossy, insensitive, goal oriented, motivated

Promoter/Socializer: the I in DISC
entertainer, full of ideas, impulsive to try them, talkative, wants work to be fun, open, brainstorm, flexible, creative, optimist, life of the party, loves people, enthusiastic, expressive

Supporter/Relator: the S in DISC
values acceptance and stability, harmonizer, slow to make decisions, dislikes change, listener, scared to speak up/share opinions, concerned for others feelings, friendly, sensitive, relationship oriented, patient, dislike conflict, competent, steady,

Analyzer/Thinker: the C in DISC
assess situations, value accuracy, detailed, plans thoroughly, works alone, introverted, slow to speak, shy, organized, cautious, logical, facts, analytical, serious, purposeful,

52
Q

Parson’s theory

Rights and obligations for the sick person

A

Parson’s theory: unspoken agreement in society based on the concept that a sick individual is not a productive member of society. They are released from obligations and responsibilities.

Rights: exemption from normal social roles

Obligations: try to get well, seek the assistance of qualified individuals

53
Q

Factors affecting whether a
person seeks help

Triggers to seeking care

A

Factors: personality type, gender, age, social/family support, role in family, physical impairment, cultural norm, socioeconomic position

Triggers: symptoms are new and alarming, symptoms affect ability to do normal daily activities, symptoms affect social roles and interactions, permission (or persistence) from someone else

54
Q

Stages of grief

A

1969 Kubler - Ross model of death and dying. Not necessarily in that order, some people don’t go through them all, some stages are repeated. Getting stuck limits recovery

Denial: “This can’t be happening to me” shock, confused, afraid, numb, autopilot, can’t perform small routine tasks

Anger: “If only I had taken care of myself sooner” second guessing, hate, self-doubt, embarrassment, shame, frustration. May look for someone to blame

Bargaining: “ I will stop smoking if…” struggle to find meaning in what has happened, possibly still angry but willing to explore alternatives

Depression: “What’s the point” helpless, hopeless, overwhelmed, lack energy, withdraw

Acceptance: have processed initial grief and emotions, able to accept that the loss has occurred and cannot be undone, able to once again plan for the future and re-engage in daily life

55
Q

Dealing with a patient complaint or concern

A

HEART:
Hear their story
Empathize with them
Apologize
Respond to the problem
Thank them

56
Q

Culture
Cultural Pluralism (multiculturalism)

A

Culture: a group of people who share values, attitudes, beliefs, and norms that guide their thinking, decisions, and actions in patterned ways
ex: communicating, eating, sharing and showing affection

Multiculturalism: the existence of different cultures living side by side. Permits peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions and lifestyles. Requires that we learn how to relate effectively to people who may behave, think and feel differently from our own personal and cultural expectations. Increases the difficulty in client relations for the many different helping professions– social workers, doctors and nurses, psychologists, educators, and many others.

57
Q

Cultural domains

A

Family roles and organization (gender roles, roles of elderly, social status)

High risk behaviours (tobacco, alcohol, recreational drugs, physical activity, etc for disease prevention)

Nutrition (fasting, deficiencies, rituals)

Pregnancy and fertility practices (birthing, postpartum, views on pregnancy, circumcision, gender preferences)

Spirituality, death rituals (prayer, meaning of life, how long before bury, autopsy?, family gathering?, grieving)

Health care practices (traditional vs alternative therapies, self-medication)

Attitudes towards health care practitioners

Communication (volume, tone, nonverbal communication, distance, eye contact, touch, gestures)

58
Q

Low and high context cultures

A

Indicates the extent to which words are needed to convey a message.

Low context cultures: Many words needed to convey message. Relies heavily on spoken/written word. Topic is discussed in an explicit, straightforward manner. May repeat info to ensure no misunderstanding

High context cultures: Few, carefully chosen words needed to convey message. Inferences are drawn. Relies heavily on the context in which words are spoken. More common in Eastern cultures. Yes can mean anything from I agree to I hear what you are saying (might not mean they agree)

59
Q

Radiation Therapy

A

High energy ionizing radiation to get rid of cancer cells and shrink tumours while sparing normal tissue. Can be curative or palliative. Radiation therapy is delivered via photon or electron radiation. Photons are accelerated through the linear accelerator.

Patients get a CT to see where the tumour is. They receive radiation in the same position as the CT. They receive tiny dot tattoos which the therapists line up with the lasers so they ensure the patient is in the same, correct position every time.

Dosimetry: creates an optimal plan. Contours (outlines in the CT image) the areas of interest and areas to avoid. They calculate how much radiation each organ will receive and whether or not that is safe.

Brachytherapy: radioactive isotopes are placed directly inside the patient. As the radioactive source decays, dose is emitted and treats the area of interest.

Side effects: skin reactions, sore throat, irritated bowels, fatigue. Acute side effects occur during treatment period and subside a few weeks later. Chronic side effects occur months to years after treatment and do not subside.

60
Q

Non-Learning, Non-Reflective, and Reflective actions

A

Non-Learning: habitual behaviour, follows established patterns. Presumption: Action and outcome are predetermined. Non-consideration: Unexpected outcome is ignored. Rejection: unexpected outcome is given attention but
dismissed – doesn’t fit with existing ideas

Non-Reflective: actions that take some degree of thought. Takes mental and physical activity. Involves emotional response (introspection)

Reflective: contemplation, person considers the experience and makes an intellectual decision about it. Consciously and critically goes through a thoughtful process of considering the implication(s) of the experience in order to further improve or alter actions. Includes theory, reflection, and planning

61
Q

Experiential learning cycle

A

Act –> Reflect –> Conceptualize –> Apply

Act: concrete experience, “what happened?”
Reflect: reflective observation, feelings, “what did I experience?”
Conceptualize: findings, “why did this happen?”
Apply: active experimentation, “what will I do?”

Do it –> What happened? –> So what? –> Now what

62
Q

Types of reflection

A

Content: Reflect on WHAT is/was being done

Process: Reflect on HOW it is/was being done. If not well, why or why not? What can you do about this?

Premise: Reflect on WHY it is/was being done. Why are you learning this? What relevance does it have?

63
Q

Bloom’s Taxonomy (from the bottom up)

A

Knowledge - recall

Comprehension - understanding

Application - using knowledge in new situations

Analysis - breaking things down, critical thinking

Synthesis - putting things together, creative thinking

Evaluation - judgement

64
Q

Reflection in action vs reflection on action

A

Reflection in action occurs while the event is occurring. Draws on previous, similar experiences to create a solution

Reflecting on action occurs after the event has taken place. Learn from new and unique elements and add them to your “toolbox” of skills to be drawn upon

65
Q

Ultrasonography

A

We can hear 20-20 000 Hz (one cycle per second), so “ultra”sound is above human hearing range. Ultrasound is 2-24 MHz (one million cycles per second). Higher frequency provides better quality but less penetration.

Acoustic impedance (Z) describes how much resistance an ultrasound beam encounters as it passes through the tissue. It is dependant on density of the tissue (p) and speed of the sound wave (V). Z=pV. Attenuation includes absorption, reflection, refraction, and scatter. It is basically what causes beams to be lost/ impacts the image. We want reflection to occur, but absorption shows us fluid.

Bright areas are known as echogenic and dark areas as anechoic

Gel is used to eliminate air. Sound has a hard time travelling through air

66
Q

radi/o
tom/o
son/o
somn/o
electr/o
vagin/o

A

ray or radiation
to cut
sound
sleep
electricity
vagina

67
Q

4 methods of physical examination

A
  1. Inspection: close visual examination to detect any apparent abnormalities. Ex: physician uses light to look in patient’s mouth
  2. Auscultation: involves listening to sounds within the body, typically with the aid of a stethoscope. Ex: typically done to listen to the heart and lungs
  3. Palpation: refers to an examination with the hands to feel tissues and organs
  4. Percussion: a method of tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds in order to estimate the size, boarder, or fluid content of a cavity such as the the chest, or using a percussion hammer to elicit deep tendon reflexes (tapping knee with hammer to make it stretch outwards)
68
Q

steth/o
colon/o
opthalm/o
an/o
bronch/o
duoden/o
pharyng/o
sigmoid/o

A

chest
colon (large intestine)
eye
anus
bronchus (airway)
duodenum
pharynx or throat
sigmoid colon

69
Q

bi/o
cis/o

A

life
to cut

70
Q

phlebotomy/venipuncture

blood chemistry

blood sugar/blood glucose

blood culture

A

Phlebotomy/venipuncture: incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing

Blood chemistry: a test of the fluid portion of the blood to measure the amounts of its chemical constituents (glucose, cholesterol)

Blood sugar/blood glucose: measurement of the level of sugar or glucose in the blood

Blood culture: a test to determine if infection is present in the blood stream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms. The specimen is observed and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified.

71
Q

albumin

alkaline phosphatase

alanine aminotransferase

aspartate aminotransferase

bilirubin

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

Albumin: used to evaluate conditions related to the liver and kidney

Alkaline phosphatase: used to evaluate conditions related to the liver, bone, and gallbladder

Alanine aminotransferase: used to evaluate conditions related to the liver, and heart muscle

Aspartate aminotransferase: used to evaluate conditions related to the liver and heart muscle

Bilirubin: used to evaluate conditions related to the liver. Chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine (seen in gallbladder and liver disease)

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): used to evaluate conditions related to kidney function

71
Q

blood chemistry panel

basic metabolic panel (BMP)

comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)

lipid panel

A

Blood chemistry panel: specialized combinations of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood. Used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs for conditions

BMP: combination of tests used as a general screen for disease. Includes calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea

CMP: tests in addition to the BMP for expanded screening. Includes albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase

Lipid panel: a measure of fat in the blood including the level of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as triglycerides

71
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

white blood count (WBC)

red blood count (RBC)

hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb)

hematocrit (HCT or Hct)

blood indices

differential count

platelet count

A

CBC: a common test performed as a screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes. The following is a list of the components included in a CBC

WBC: a count of the number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood, obtained using manual or automated laboratory methods

RBC: a count of the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood, obtained using manual or automated laboratory methods

HGB: a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (expressed in grams)

HCT: a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood

Blood indices: calculations based on the RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of red blood cells for classification of anemia. Reported as mean cell volume (MCV) , mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Differential count: a determination of the number of each type of white blood cell (leukocytes) seen on a stained blood smear. Each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined

Platelet count: a calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood, the normal range is 150 000 to 450 000 platelets in a given volume of blood

71
Q

Measurment of these evaluates what:

Calcium

Creatinine

Electrolytes (bicarbonate, chloride, potassium, and sodium)

Glucose

Lipids (cholesterol, LDL, HDL)

Protein

A

Calcium: used to evaluate conditions related to the heart, nerves, bones, kidneys, and teeth

Creatinine: used to evaluate conditions related to the kidney

Electrolytes: used to evaluate conditions related to metabolic balance (homeostasis)

Glucose: used to diagnose and monitor diabetes mellitus

Lipids: used to evaluate risk for coronary artery disease

Proteins: used to evaluate conditions related to the liver, and kidney

71
Q

urinalysis (UA)

specific gravity (SpGr)

pH

glucose/sugar

albumin (alb) /proteins

ketones

A

UA: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine

SpGr: measure of the concentration or dilution of urine

pH: measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine

Glucose/sugar: chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine, most often used to screen for diabetes mellitus

Albumin: chemical test to detect the presence of albumin (protein) in the urine. High levels are a sign of kidney disease

Ketones: chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine. A positive test indicates that fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs during starvation or an uncontrolled diabetic state.

72
Q

occult blood, urine

urobilinogen

nitrite

microscopic findings

urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)

A

Occult blood: chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine as a result of red blood cell hemolysis; indicated bleeding in the kidneys (occult= hidden)

Urobilinogen: chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine (increased amounts are seen in gallbladder and liver disease)

Nitrite: chemical test used to detect the presence of bacteria in the urine by measuring the amount of nitrite (a waste product that bacteria produce)

Microscopic findings: microscopic identification of abnormal constituents in the urine (eg. red or white blood cells). Reported per high power field (hpf) or low power field (lpf)

C&S: isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to encourage the growth of microorganisms. The organisms that grow in the culture are identified, as are the drugs to which they are sensitive.

73
Q

uter/o, metr/o, hyster/o
append/o
coron/o
herni/o
splen/o
cry/o

A

uterus
appendix
circle or crown
hernia
spleen
cold

74
Q

cryosurgery
electrosurgery
electrocautery

A

Cryosurgery: destruction of tissue by freezing with application of an extremely cold chemical, such as liquid nitrogen

Electrosurgery: use of electric currents to destroy tissue

Electrocautery: use of an instrument heated by electric current (cautery) to coagulate bleeding areas by burning tissue

75
Q

endoscopic surgery
arthroscopic surgery
laparoscopic surgery

A

Endoscopic surgery: procedure using an endoscope that includes examination and operative treatment

Arthroscopic surgery: procedure with an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within

Laparoscopic surgery: operative procedure within the abdominal and pelvic regions after insertion of a laparoscope (appendectomy, cholecystectomy, hysterectomy)

76
Q

endovascular surgery
laser surgery
LASER

A

Endovascular surgery: minimally invasive interventional technique performed within a vessel. Most commonly done at the same time as a diagnostic procedure such as cardiac catheterization or diagnostic neuroadiological exam

Laser surgery: surgical use of a laser to make incisions or destroy tissues to create fluid passage or obliterate tumours. Commonly applied to delicate tissues such as the eye

LASER: acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The instrument produces a small, extremely intense beam that is precise in depth and diameter. It is applied to body tissues to destroy lesions or for dissection

77
Q

chemotherapy
psychotherapy
radiation therapy
physical medicine and rehabilitation therapy

A

Chemotherapy: treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce

Psychotherapy: treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and non-verbal interaction with patients, individually or in a group employing specific actions or techniques

Radiation therapy: treatment of disease, especially cancer, using ionizing radiation to impede the proliferation of abnormal cells

Physical medicine and rehabilitation therapy: therapy to restore function and prevent disability resulting from illness or injury. Includes physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and massage therapy

78
Q

physical therapy
occupational therapy
speech-language therapy
massage therapy

A

Physical therapy: treatment to rehabilitate patients who are disabled by illness or injury, involves many methods such as exercise, hydrotherapy, and therapeutic ultrasound

Occupational therapy: rehabilitation of individuals suffering from physical, developmental, mental, or emotional disabilities to regain or improve functions in areas of self-care and tasks needed to perform everyday activities independently

Speech-language therapy: therapy to assess, diagnose, treat, and prevent communication disorders related to speech or language

Massage therapy: manipulation of the soft muscle tissues of the body to improve circulation and remove waste products. Used to treat overworked muscles as a result of sports injuries, reduce stress, and promote general health

79
Q

Complementary and alternative medicine

Integrative medicine

A

Refers to various healthcare practices not considered conventional medicine (medicine practiced by doctors, psychologists, physiotherapists, etc)

Complementary: when using nontraditional therapies together with conventional medicine

Alternative: when using nontraditional therapies instead of conventional medicine

Integrative medicine: an approach to healing in which 2 or more modalities or systems are combined, designed to treat the person as a whole

80
Q

Whole medicine systems
Mind-body medicine
Biologically based practices
Manipulative and body-based practices
Energy medicine

A

Whole medicine systems: complete systems of theory and practice such as homeopathic medicine, naturopathic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine

Mind-body medicine: a variety of techniques designed to enhance the mind’s ability to affect bodily functions and symptoms such as yoga, meditation, prayer, mental healing, music, art, dance

Biologically based practices: use of substance found in nature such as herbs, foods, vitamins to treat illness

Manipulative and body-based practices: practice based on manipulation such as chiropractic medicine and massage

Energy medicine: treatment that involves the use of energy fields, including biofield therapy (reiki, therapeutic touch) and bio-electromagnetic based therapy (magnetic fields, pulsed fields)

81
Q

autograft
allograft/homograft
heterograft/xenograft

A

Autograft: type of graft that involves the transfer of a patient’t own tissue

Allograft/Homograft: transfer of tissue from one human to another

Heterograft/Xenograft: the graft of a tissue from one species to another, such as animal to human

82
Q

-lytic (adjective form of -lysis)
-emetic (adjective form of -emesis)
anxi/o
coagul/o

A

pertaining to breakdown or dissolution

pertaining to vomiting

anxiety

clotting

83
Q

analgesic
narcotic
anesthetic
antacid
antianginal
antianxiety agent/anxiolytic

A

Analgesic: a drug that relieves pain

Narcotic: a potent analgesic with addictive properties

Anesthetic: a drug that temporarily blocks transmission of nerve conduction to produce a loss of sensation

Antacid: a drug that neutralizes stomach acid

Antianginal: a drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissue to relieve pain of angina pectoris or chest pain

Antianxiety agent/anxiolytic: a drug used to reduce anxiety

84
Q

antiarrhythmic
antibiotic
anticoagulant
anticonvulsant
antidiabetic

A

Antiarrhythmic: a drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia

Antibiotic: a drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

Anticoagulant: a drug that prevents the clotting of blood

Anticonvulsant: an agent that prevents or lessens convulsions or seizures; commonly used to treat epilepsy

Antidiabetic: any of several agents used to control blood sugar levels in the treatment of diabetes mellitus

85
Q

antidepressant
antiemetic
antifungal
antihistamine
histamine

A

Antidepressant: an agent that counteracts depression

Antiemetic: a drug that prevents or stops vomiting

Antifungal: a drug that kills or prevents the growth of fungi

Antihistamine: a drug that blocks the effects of histamine in the body

Histamine: a regulating body substance released in excess during allergic reactions, causing swelling and inflammation of tissues

86
Q

antihyperlipidemic
antihypertensive
anti-inflammatory
antipruritic
antipyretic
antiseptic

A

Antihyperlipidemic: a drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol

Antihypertensive: a drug that lowers blood pressure

Anti-inflammatory: a drug that reduces inflammation

Antipruritic: a drug that relieves itching

Antipyretic: a drug that relieves a fever

Antiseptic: an agent that inhibits the growth of infectious microorganisms

87
Q

antispasmodic
antithyroid drug
antiviral
bronchodilator
cardiotonic

A

Antispasmodic: a drug that prevents or relieves muscle spasm

Antithyroid drug: an agent that blocks the production of thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism

Antiviral: an agent that destroys a virus or weakens its action

Bronchodilator: a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi

Cardiotonic: a drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart; commonly used to treat congestive heart failure

88
Q

cathartic
decongestant
diuretic
expectorant
hypnotic

A

Cathartic: a drug that causes movement of the bowels, also called a laxative

Decongestant: a drug that reduces congestion and swelling of membranes such as those of the nose and the eustachian (auditory) tube during an infection

Diuretic: a drug that increases the secretion of urine; commonly prescribed during hypertension

Expectorant: a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing

Hypnotic: an agent that induces sleep

89
Q

hypoglycemic/antihyperglycemic
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
psychotropic drug
antipsychotic agents
sedative

A

Hypoglycemic/antihyperglycemic: a drug that lowers blood glucose level (ex. insulin)

NSAID: a group of drugs with analgesic (pain relief), anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic (fever relief) properties (ex. ibuprofen and aspirin). Commonly used to treat arthritis

Psychotropic drug: a medication capable of affecting the mind, emotions, and behaviour. Used to treat mental illness

Antipsychotic agents: a class of psychotropic drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia

Sedative: an agent that has a calming effect and quiets nervousness

90
Q

thrombolytic agents
vasoconstrictor
vasodilater

A

Thrombolytic agents: a drug used to dissolve thrombi (blood clots)

Vasoconstrictor: drug that causes the narrowing of the blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow

Vasodilater: a drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow

91
Q

Radiography

A

The process of using x-rays to obtain images of internal structures of the body. X-rays are a man-made type of electromagnetic radiation. Radiation is energy that is transmitted by waves through space or through a medium. Ionization is any process by which a neutral atom loses an electron. Discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. 1896: First biologic effects of x-rays reported. 1928: First international recommendations on radiation protection adopted. Used for posture, and shoe fitting.

X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons hit a metal target in the x-ray machine. A heated cathode filament emits electrons and shoots them across a space, electrons are accelerated when they hit the anode on the other side of the space and bounce off producing x-rays.

One of the most important goals of a radiographer is to ensure the safety of patients and all others against unnecessary radiation exposure. Lead vests are worn by patients and staff to reduce the exposure to radiation. Scan ER patients, inpatients, outpatients, OR, portables. Can work in hospitals, clinics, or mobile x-ray companies. Can advance to do CT, angiography, or mammography.

92
Q

APA - 4 reasons to cite, copyright, and fair dealing

A

4 reasons to cite: Findability (so others can use the same sources you did), Fairness (give credit to author, avoid plagiarism), Failing (academic dishonesty in a course), and Fortification (assist your opinion, fact vs opinion)

Copyright is a law that protects moral and economic rights of content creators. Copyright has rights for both creators and users in an effort to create a balanced and fair use of copyrighted works. There are also exceptions available, such as fair dealing. Only the copyright owner has the right to decide when and how the work is used.

Fair dealing is a user’s right in copyright law permitting use of a copyright protected work without permission or payment of copyright royalties. The fair dealing exception in the Copyright Act allows you to use other people’s copyright protected material for the purpose of research, private study, education, satire, parody, criticism, review or news reporting, provided that what you do with the work is ‘fair’. When considering whether something is “fair” 6 aspects are weighed: Purpose, Nature of the work, Amount, Effect, Alternatives, and Character (how far is the work being distributed and for how long)

93
Q

APA - latest edition

A

-Publisher location is no longer included
-Citations with 3 or more authors are shortened in text to first one et al
-Include up to 20 authors in the reference list
-DOI formatted as URLs
-Don’t include “retrieved from” in front of URL
-Don’t include format, platform, or device for ebooks
-Cite contributors
-Inclusive and bias free language
-Use “they” as a gender-neutral pronoun
-Use descriptive phrases instead of labels ie “people living in poverty” rather than “poor people”
-Use exact age ranges “65 to 75” rather than “over 65”
-Fonts include Calibri 11 Arial 11 Lucida Sans Unicode 10 Times 12 and Georgia 11
-Running head does not include “Running head:” beforehand
-No running head in student papers
-Heading levels 3-5 are updated
-One space after a period
-Use double quotation marks for linguistic examples
- 1 inch margins on all sides
- Double spaced with page numbers and a title page

94
Q

APA- anatomy of a citation

A

Need to find author/creator, date, title, and publishing information. Listed in alphabetical order.

Personal communications are not listed in the references list as they are not recorded and thus can not be found anywhere. Cited as so: (Name of the person, personal communication, date of the interaction)

Journal Article: Last name, initial. (date). Article title. Name of the journal in italics. Link
Ex: Wiesener, C., Speaker, L., Axelgaard, J., Horton, R., & Niedeggen, A. (2020). Supporting front crawl swimming in paraplegics using electrical stimulation: A feasibility study. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 17(1). https://ezproxy.mohawkcollege.ca/loginhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login…

Book or ebook: Last name, first initial. middle initial. (date). Book title in italics. Publication info. DOI if applicable
Ex: Obourn, M. W. (2020). Disabled futures: A framework for radical inclusion. Temple University Press.

Website: Author. (Date). Website title in italics. Link
Ex: W3C Web Accessibility Initiative. (2020). Web content accessibility guidelines overview. https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/wcag/

Video: Author. (Date). Video title in italics [Video]. YouTube. Link
Ex: Harvard University. (2019, August 28). Soft robotic gripper for jellyfish [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guRoWTYfxMs

In text: (Last name et al., year, page or paragraph # or video time)

95
Q

Governing Bodies

A

Organizations responsible for ensuring safe delivery of health care. They establish ethical standards, policies, practice guidelines, expectations for the health care worker, ensure professional accountability, protect the public, and support the health care worker. They provide educational opportunities for students and graduates, ensure ongoing competence of technologists once graduated, indicate how technologists must perform in the health care setting, and ensure that standards of performance are followed by practicing technologists This is done by…

Legal system (National and Provincial):
-Establish laws/acts to ensure ‘safe’ behaviour and accountability
-Regulated Health Professions Act (RHPA)
-Ex: Canadian Law, Ontario Acts

Regulatory bodies (Provincial):
-Administer legal ‘Acts’ for specific profession(s)
-Ensures accountability
-Ex: CMRITO (establish standards of practice)

Associations (National and Provincial):
-Support the profession/professional
-Ex: CAMRT (National Competency Profile (NCP) for rad and RT), Sonography Canada (NCP for ultrasound), OAMRS (all 3 professions)

Health care institutions (employer):
-Establish policies and procedures
-Ensure accountability
-Ex: hospitals, departments, clinics

96
Q

College of Medical Radiation Imaging Technologists of Ontario (CMRITO)

A

Established by the Medical Radiation Technology Act in 1991

Set standards of practice provincially

Code of ethics stating “behaviour that is right, good, fair and just”

Protect the Public of Ontario by developing and maintaining standards of qualification, code of ethics and standards of practice to ensure quality in the practice of Medical Radiation Technology, and programs to promote continuing competence. Ensure MRTs abide by laws, rules, regulations set out by RHPA and the legal system. Provide documents (code of ethics, SOP) that clearly outline expected standards of practice for professionals - incorporates RHPA and legal requirements (e.g. HCCA, PHIPA, sexual abuse, malpractice)

Professional misconduct is run through the CMRITO disciplines committee (similar to civil court)

“MRTs must perform their duties responsibly and in
a manner that reflects the profession’s
commitment to respect the personal dignity of every individual patient who entrusts himself or herself to the MRTs care.”

97
Q

Regulated Health Professions Act (RHPA)

A

Medical radiation technology is a self-governing health profession in Ontario under the Regulated Health Professions Act, 1991 (RHPA)

Regulated Health Professions Act, 1991 (RHPA) and associated health profession Acts, set out the governing/ legislative framework for the regulated health professions in Ontario.

The RHPA framework is intended to :
*better protect and serve the public interest
*be a more open and accountable system of self-governance
*provide a more modern framework for the work of health professionals
*provide consumers with freedom of choice
*provide mechanisms to improve quality of care

Key features of RHPA:
- Scope of practice (statement that describes what the profession does)
- Identifies a list of controlled acts (procedures or activities which may pose a risk to the public if not performed by a qualified practitioner) and determine health care workers who are permitted to perform these acts
- Health Regulatory Colleges (a corporation that governs each regulated health profession responsible
for regulating the practice of the profession and governing its members according to the RHPA)
- Health Professions Regulatory Advisory Council (an independent advisory body to the Minister of Health and Long-Term Care with a mandate to advise the Minister of various items related to the regulation of health professions)
- Health Professions Appeal and Review Board (an independent third party with a mandate to review
registration and complaints decisions of the health regulatory College)

98
Q

Professional Accountability

A

The obligation of one party to provide a
justification and to be held responsible for its
actions by another interested party

MRTs are accountable for their decisions and
actions

They must understand and comply with legal and
ethical requirements that govern the practice
of medical radiation technology in Ontario

99
Q

Regulated Health Professional

A

MRTs are regulated health professionals

Accountable to their patients and the public to provide safe, effective and ethical medical radiation technology services

Several governing bodies are responsible for ensuring this happens:
Health care law (i.e. ‘Acts’) and Regulatory body (ies) (e.g. CMRITO)
- These governing bodies are responsible for ensuring that acts are adhered to by MRTs. This makes MRTs accountable, sets performance standards for MRTs

Professional associations (e.g. CAMRT, Sonography Canada)
These associations establish performance requirements for MRTs (i.e. competencies), and provide credentialing of MRTs (entry to practice exams)

100
Q

Guiding principles in medical radiation technology

A

Provide optimal care of the patient
- Ensure safe delivery of care
- Includes diagnostic and therapeutic
procedures
- Anyone working with them is qualified to do the job
- All relevant people are involved in their decision-making
- The environment is safe
- Procedures (e.g. aseptic measures)
- Privacy of medical information, and self (informed touch, covering them up as much as possible)

Provide optimal work environment for the
health care worker
- Safe work environment such as providing TLD monitors for those who work with radiation, providing necessary training such as WHMIS, and providing proper PPE

101
Q

Personal Health Information

Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA)

A

Personal, highly sensitive, identifying information about an individual in oral or written form:
Physical or mental health
Health care and payment
Donation of body parts
Plan or service under Long term health care act

PHIPA: Act in Ontario that sets out rules for the collection, retention, use, disclosure and disposal of personal health information. The information and privacy commissioner of Ontario acts independently of government to protect privacy of information. Attempts to balance the protection of the person’s health information with that of the health care system’s need to know to provide optimal care. Handles complaints.
Health Information Custodians: “Certain persons or organizations with custody or control over personal
health information” Includes Health care practitioners who provide health care, Health facilities, long term care facilities, or ambulance services
Agents: Those who act for or on behalf of health information custodians (physician, nurse, allied health professional, records storage company)
PHIPA provides individuals with the right to access and seek correction of their personal health information (under supervision of health information custodians)
PHIPA allows those that are engaged in delivering patient care to share the health information necessary to provide that care. This is called the Circle of Care Principle. PHIPA states that the custodian or agent cannot disclose more than reasonably necessary. They must ask what information is needed and how much is required.

Must have a legitimate need to know when retrieving information. Can not provide information to patient outside scope of practice

102
Q

Ontario Association of Medical Radiation Sciences (OAMRS)

A

Ontario Framework:
Ministry of Health, Ministry of Long-Term Care, and Ministry of Labour. RHPA, CMRITO, and HARPA are Ontario acts that represent the public. OAMRS represents the technologists, they can challenge laws/ regulations (help inform politicians of the impacts so they can make an informed decision).

OAMRS, is critical for reasons of advocacy and representing the profession at the government table and other interest groups since decisions concerning health care are provincial. They provide a strong voice to influence decisions and ensure the profession is recognized in the Ontario Healthcare system.

As a student member of the OAMRS, you are assigned to a specific geographical chapter in which they live/work, as students you are a member of the chapter in which your institution/clinical placement is located. You can attend meetings and education days (webinars, online courses, training, etc) in any of the chapters.

103
Q

What is ethics?
What is medical ethics?

A

Ethics: Moral principles that govern a person’s or group’s behaviour

Medical Ethics: A system of moral principles that apply
values and judgments to the practice of medicine. It encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, and sociology

104
Q

CMRITO code of ethics and standards of practice (SOP)

A

Code of Ethics:
Set of principles that precisely lays out responsible, ethical, moral conduct of members of the CMRITO. Intended to help MRTs choose the right, fair, good and just action. Ensures safe, professional performance to ensure safe, effective and ethical outcomes for patients. MRTs are personally responsible for behaving according to the ethical principles set down in the Code. Misconduct is run through the CMRITO disciplines committee. Used in conjunction with Standards of Practice.

Standards Of Practice:
-Document that sets out minimum standards of professional practice and conduct for MRTs.
-Assists MRTs in understanding CMRITO’s expectations with respect to the professional practice of medical radiation technology.
-Helps managers in making appropriate decisions regarding management of the practice of MRTs and in developing suitable policies and procedures.
-Assists educators in developing curriculum and in providing appropriate instruction.
-Assists the public in assessing quality of care
-Focuses on the Principles of competency, accountability, and collaboration

105
Q

Who are MRTs responsible to?

A

The public: appearance, competence, qualifications, integrity, advancing the profession

The patients: informed consent, dignity, privacy, non-bias, safe practice

The profession: adhere to the law, SOP, research, honesty

Colleagues and other health care professionals: communicate, collaborate, safe practice, educate other professions

Themselves: continual improvements in practice, adhere to laws, SOP

106
Q

MRI

A

5 basic principles requirements:
- Hydrogen ions present in the water that makes up our bodies
- Super-cooled magnets (MRI machine never turns off)
- Radio-frequency
- X, Y, Z coils (magnets): can energize just one coil to get one slice
- Radio-frequency coils

What else:
- Noise (caused by fluctuations of gradient fields)
- Computer/fast processing
- Safety (not a regular magnet, everything has to be MR safe. Missile effect is when things shoot across the room to the magnet, are lifted of the ground, and squished due to the strength of the magnet)
- Quench (cryogens that keep the magnet cooled are released/vented to turn off the magnet. This is done when something is on the magnet. It is only bad if it occurs as a result of a malfunction)
- Consultation (intense form filled out 3 times to ensure no metal goes near the machine. Filled out by the doctor, the technologist, and the receptionist. Have to watch out for body alterations such as piercings, tattoos (some ink contains metal), makeup, jewellery, transdermal patches, clothing)

How it works:
Magnets make the body’s hydrogen ions line up with the magnet. Energy knocks over the hydrogen ion. When it realigns it gives off extra its extra energy in the form of an RF signal. RF coils placed near where the slice is receives the RF signal to produce an image. MRI is superior in subject contrast

Titanium and Copper are non-ferromagnetic meaning they are MR safe. Faraday cages prevent other RF signals from entering the MR suite.

107
Q

Healthcare Law (terminology)

A

Civil law: Branch of law that deals with relations between individuals or organizations.
- Case brought on by another person who has been
wronged - sue for ‘damages’.

Malpractice: Improper, illegal, or negligent professional activity or treatment, especially by a medical practitioner, lawyer, or public official.
* e.g. misconduct, breach of ethics, unprofessionalism,
unethical behaviour

Impropriety: Action which may be seen to be inappropriate and bring individual or profession into disrepute
e.g. dishonesty, inappropriate touch, overly intimate, use of power and position

Professional misconduct: Actions that violate a federal or provincial law, a municipal bylaw or a bylaw or rule of a hospital if the contravention is relevant to the member’s suitability to practise.
e.g. Omission (act of failing to do something required by the practice of our profession), Violation (doing something which goes against the legislation or standards of practice), abuse, failure to receive consent, working under the influence, failing to adhere to SOP, etc

Negligence: Failure to exercise the care that a reasonably prudent (wise, good judgement, common sense) person would exercise in similar circumstances.
- The senior person in absolute charge is held liable for the negligence of others, even when they are entirely free of blame. (ex: surgeon performing surgery is also liable if nurses miscount instruments, and one is left behind). This is called Respondeat Superior

Fraud: Aspect of professional misconduct
e.g. altering a record related to an MRT’s practice, trying to influence a patient to change his or her will or any other testamentary document, signing or issuing a document that an MRT knows contains false or misleading statements
- No one may use the title medical radiation technologist or any abbreviation without being a member of the College and holding corresponding specialty certificate (don’t perform the procedure if you are not qualified).

108
Q

Healthcare in Canada

A

Legislation: PHIPA, HARP, RHPA, HCCA
Regulatory Colleges: SOP, Accountability

Canada is 10th in the global health ratings (judged by life expectancy, premature mortality, mortality of various diseases such as cancer and diabetes, infant mortality, etc). By 2036 23-25% of Canadians will be over the age of 65, this increases the burden on the health care system.

The federal government sets and administers national principles for the health care system (Canada Health Act), assist in the financing of provincial health care services, deliver health care services to specific groups such as veterans or first nations, and provides and fund other health related functions such as public health, health protection programs, and health research.

Healthcare Delivery in Canada: publicly funded (mostly free at the point of use), services are provided on a needs basis rather than ability to pay, available to all and doesn’t discriminate.

109
Q

Canada Health Act (CHA)

A
  • Federal healthcare legislation
  • Specifies conditions and criteria by which provincial and territorial health insurance programs must conform in order to receive funding for health care services (gives rules as to how the provinces can spend the money given to them).

5 main principles:
- Public Administration: health insurance must be carried out by a public attorney at a non for profit and they are accountable to the province. Health services in Canada is funded and operated by the provinces
- Comprehensiveness: all these institutions must be insured
- Universality: all insured residents are expected to get and able to get the same level of care
- Portability: coverage will remain valid for a period of time if you move provinces
- Accessibility: there should be reasonable access to healthcare facilities regardless of location. All those providing this healthcare must be compensated for the services they provide. Ex: those in northern communities receive funding to be able to travel to the nearest location that provides the service they need.

110
Q

Role of provinces in healthcare

Provincial Funding in Ontario

Cons to the healthcare system in Canada

A

Role:
Each province is responsible for administration of own delivery of health services (ex: decide the number of health care providers and settings)

Ministry of health and long term care (MOHLTC) in Ontario receives the money and directs it to hospitals and ensures equitable care.

Healthcare is a provincial matter

Funding:
Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP)
Cost of health care covered primarily by taxes
Need to qualify for coverage
Minimize fraud

Cons:
- Different settings use different health information systems which don’t always integrate well
- Wait times for some health care and diagnostic treatments
- Management systems that don’t focus enough on the quality of life (just have them live to be alive)

111
Q

Ministry of health and long term care (MOHLTC)

A

Establishes overall strategic direction and provincial priorities for the health system.

Develops legislation (RHPA, PHIPA, HARP), regulations, standards, policies, and directives to support those strategic directions

Monitors and reports on the performance of the health system and the health of Ontario citizens

Plans for and establishes funding models and levels of funding for the health care system

Ensures that expectations are fulfilled

112
Q

Controlled acts that apply to MRTs (Authorized acts)

A
  1. Administering a subject by injection or inhalation (contrast medium for CT or MRI)
  2. Tracheal suctioning of a tracheostomy
  3. Administering contrast media, or putting an instrument, hand or finger…
    - beyond the opening of the urethra
    - beyond the labia majora
    - beyond the anal verge
    - into an artificial opening of the body
  4. Performing a procedure on tissue below the dermis (ex: tattoos on patients for RT)
  5. Applying a prescribed form of energy
113
Q

Health care consent act (HCCA)

A

Provincial law

Health care professional must ensure patient is:
- capable with respect to the treatment, and has given consent; OR
- incapable with respect to the treatment, and another person has given consent in accordance with the HCCA

Must not proceed with the procedure if valid consent has not been obtained

Criteria for consent:
- Patient is informed, relates to the treatment, given voluntarily, not obtained through fraud or misrepresentation.
A substitute decision maker is used if:
- Patient shows evidence of confused or delusional thinking, or appears unable to make a settled choice about treatment.
- If patient is experiencing severe pain or acute fear/ anxiety, if the person appears severely depressed, or if the person appears impaired by alcohol or drugs

A person is mentally capable of making treatment decisions if they are able to:
- understand the info that is relevant to making a decision about the proposed treatment
- appreciates the reasonably foreseeable consequences of accepting or refusing treatment

114
Q

Healing Arts Radiation Protection Act (HARP)

A

Ontario’s medical radiation safety legislation

Regulations that define the safe limits of operation of x-ray machines in Ontario

Applies to radiography and radiation therapy

  • Who can order exams
  • Who can operate the equipment
  • Installation and operation of standards
  • Radiation Protection Officer
115
Q

Privacy

Confidential vs Privileged information

A

Privacy:
The state of being free from unsanctioned intrusion

Touch: physical modesty, and integrity of individual’s body. Ex: touching the patient, keeping them covered whenever possible

Behaviour: all aspects of behaviour, especially sensitive matters, sexual preferences, religious practices, or habits

Communication: ability of individuals to communicate without monitoring by others (take them to a private area to talk)

Data: limitations of access of individuals to records without consent, authority, or justifiable cause

Information:
Confidential - private information communicated in a relationship of trust (doesn’t need to be documented; for example: a patient shared sexual preferences)

Privileged - private information received coincidently in the practice of a profession. Confined to an exclusive or chosen group of individuals. Documented and accessible to others in the healthcare profession

116
Q

Sexual abuse prevention program

A

Discussed by CMRITO

Sexual abuse does not include touching, behaviour, or remarks of a clinical nature appropriate to service

To avoid sexual abuse:
- talk before you touch
- never assume
- speak directly to patient
- never judge
- maintain confidentiality
- create a safe environment
- maintain patient’s dignity (keep covered when possible)
- show respect
- touch only where necessary
- get patient’s consent

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