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Clinical Decision making > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is nominal data?

A

categorical
-show differences in populations
ex. hair color or gender

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2
Q

Statistical tests for nominal data

A

independent- chi square
dependent
- McNemar or Cochran’sQ

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3
Q

Null hypothesis of nominal data

A

X2=0

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4
Q

Hypothesis of nominal data

A

X2 is not equal to 0

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5
Q

What type of data is ordinal data?

A

numerical scores to make a ranking over set of data points
ex. severity of disease or pain scale

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6
Q

Statistical tests for ordinal data sets

A

independent- mann-whitney or kuskal-wallis
dependent- wilcoxin matched pairs or friedmans
chi-square

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7
Q

Null hypothesis of ordinal data

A

mean difference = 0

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8
Q

hypothesis of ordinal data

A

mean difference is not equal to 0

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9
Q

What is continuous data?

A

numerical scores that are infinite and have meaning; shows difference in means
ex. pocket depth and temperature

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10
Q

Statistical test for continuous data:

A

independent- T test or ANOVA
dependent- T test or repeated measures ANOVA

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11
Q

Null hypothesis for continuous data

A

mean difference = 0

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12
Q

hypothesis for continuous data

A

mean difference is not equal to 0

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13
Q

What is risk ratio or relative risk?

A

the probability of an event occurring, shows the strength of association between exposure and disease
-used in RCT and cohort

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14
Q

What does a relative risk of 1 mean?

A

there were not differences between groups

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15
Q

What does a relative risk less than 1 mean?

A

risk of bad outcome is decreased

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16
Q

What does a relative risk greater than 1 mean?

A

risk of bad income is increased by the intervention

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17
Q

What is a Odds Ratio?

A

estimates risk ration
-comparing the odds of an event in one group to the odds of an event in a comparison group
-commonly used in case control studies in epidemiological research

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18
Q

What is absolute risk reduction?

A

difference in outcome rates between the control and experimental groups
-change in risk of a given intervention in relation to the control
-inverse od NNT

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19
Q

What is number needed to treat?

A

the number of patients that need to be treated in order for one patient to have a benefit

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20
Q

What is the ideal number needed to treat?

A

1

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21
Q

What does higher number to treat mean?

A

treatment is less effective

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22
Q

What does a negative number needed to treat mean?

A

intervention is harmful

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23
Q

What do confidence intervals give?

A

provide information about the most likely range of population parameter
-actual range is the odds ratio

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24
Q

What is the variability of confidence interval called?

A

standard deviation

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25
Q

Small sample size usually generates…

A

wider range of intervals

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26
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

probability that a subject with the disease will screen positive

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27
Q

What is specificity?

A

probability that a subject who is disease free will screen negative

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28
Q

How to calculate sensitivty:

A

true positive/ true positive + false negative

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29
Q

How to calculate specificity?

A

true negative/ true negative + false positive

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30
Q

How to calculate PV+

A

true positive/ (true positive + false positive)

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31
Q

How to calculate PV-

A

true negative/ (true negatives + false negatives)

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32
Q

What should we do to prevent cognitive bias?

A

-always question assumptions
-keep an open mind
-always question the evidence

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33
Q

What is logical fallacy?

A

error in logical argumentation

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34
Q

What is cognitive bias?

A

genuine deficiency or limitation in our thinking
-a flaw in judgement that arises from errors of memory, social attribution, and miscalculations

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35
Q

What is the bandwagon effect?

A

tendency to do (or believe) things because many people do (or believe) the same

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36
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

looking for and valuing information that confirms what we believe
-misleads us about what is true

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37
Q

What is gamblers fallacy?

A

putting tremendous amount of weight on previous events

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38
Q

What is interviewer bias?

A

the distortion of response to an interview which results form differential reactions to the style and personality of the interview or to the their presentation questions

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39
Q

What is normalcy bias?

A

refusal to plan for, or reaction to, a disaster which which has never happened before

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40
Q

what is measurement bias (systemic error)?

A

systemically overstating or understanding the true value of a measurement

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41
Q

What is negativity bias?

A

paying more attention to negative news or perceiving it to be more important

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42
Q

What is observation selection bias?

A

suddenly noticing things that you did not notice before and wrongly assuming the frequency has increased

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43
Q

What is performance bias?

A

when one group of subjects gets more attention than another group which results in differences between groups

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44
Q

What is positive expectation bias?

A

a sense that our luck has to eventually change

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45
Q

What is publication bias?

A

when the outcome of a study influences the decision whether to publish it

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46
Q

What is question order?

A

inadvertently influencing responses due to the order questions are asked

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47
Q

What is recall bias?

A

participants do not remember previous events or experiences accurately

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48
Q

What is respondent fatigue bias?

A

phenomenon that occurs when survey participants become tired which results in the quality of data deteriorating

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49
Q

What is response bias (survey bias) ?

A

tendency for participants to answer questions untruthfully or inaccurately

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50
Q

What is sampling/selection bias?

A

sample obtained is not reflective of the target population

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51
Q

What is sponsor bias (funding bias)?

A

Study outcomes that support the interests of the study’s financial sponsor

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52
Q

What is status quo bias?

A

making choices that guarantee things remain the same or change as little as possible

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53
Q

What is verification bias?

A

outcomes more likely to be found in treatment group due to investigators knowing which person is in experimental and control groups

54
Q

What are the clinical study categories?

A

etiology, diagnosis, therapy, prognosis, and clinical predication guides

55
Q

What does the P stand for?

A

people

56
Q

What does I stand for?

A

intervention

57
Q

What does C stand for?

A

comparison

58
Q

What does O stand for?

A

outcome

59
Q

What are two most important terms in PICO?

A

intervention and comparison

60
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

numbers

61
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

can be interpreted

62
Q

What is experimental research?

A

-quantitative
-investigate cause and effect
-investigator controls variables
-randomized control trial

63
Q

What is observational research?

A

-quantitative or qualitative/ quasi
-prospective vs retrospective

64
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

changes/ investigator controls

65
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

investigator does not control

66
Q

What are confounded variables?

A

error
-not measured by researcher and has impact

67
Q

What things affect validity?

A

internal- selection, maturation, and instrumentation
external- publication and financial

68
Q

What does null hypothesis mean?

A

reject hypothesis

69
Q

What is a type I error?

A

false positive

70
Q

What is a type II error?

A

false negative

71
Q

What is necessary to calculate the effect size?

A

standard deviation and mean to calculate

72
Q

What is evidence based dentistry?

A

use current scientific evidence to guide decision making in dentistry
3 part harmony
-best evidence
-clinical judgement
-patient values

73
Q

order of heirarchy of evidence:

A

-meta analysis
-systemic review
-randomized control trial
-cohort study
-case study
-cross sectional study
-case reports

74
Q

What is prevalence?

A

the frequency

75
Q

What is etiology/risk? What studies do you use?

A

what causes the problem
-cohort study > case control > case series

76
Q

What is diagnosis? What studies do you use?

A

whether or not the person has it
-blind comparison to gold standard or cross sectional

77
Q

What is therapy? What studies do you use?

A

What is the best treatment
-randomized control study > cohort study

78
Q

What is prognosis? What studies do you use?

A

who will get the problem?
cohort study > case control > case series

79
Q

What is the set up for PubMed?

A

use PICO for key words during search
-indexed with MeSH terms and newer items not indexed

80
Q

What is the set up for Cochrane library?

A

systemic reviews and cochrane reviews
-have their own journals

81
Q

What is the set up for ADA’s EBD site?

A

keep up with hot topics; great for once you are out of school

82
Q

What is the set up for TRIP?

A

pulls up reviews easily

83
Q

What is the set up for CEBD?

A

do not need to use as much and harder to use

84
Q

What are the limit of databases?

A

language, age, time period/date, gender/sex. publications types

85
Q

What is a MeSH term?

A

medical subject heading

86
Q

What are Boolean operators?

A

connection word or symbol that allows a computer user to include or exclude items in a test search

87
Q

What does OR do in a search?

A

broaden search

88
Q

What does AND do in a search?

A

narrows search

89
Q

What does NOT do in a search?

A

excludes

90
Q

What is a research question?

A

presents the idea that is to be examined in a study

91
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

testable predication; attempts to answer research question

92
Q

What is PICO?

A

a research question that cannot be tested

93
Q

What is research?

A

results from individual studies

94
Q

What is evidence?

A

accumulation of results
-synthesis of all valid research studies that answer a question

95
Q

What is validity?

A

closeness to the truth

96
Q

What are meta-analyses?

A

subset of systemic reviews
-method for combining qualitative and quantitative data form several selected studies to develop a single

97
Q

What are systemic reviews?

A

provides a comprehensive review of all relevant studies on a particular clinical topic

98
Q

What are randomized control trials?

A

participants are randomly assigned to an experimental group or control group
-strongest evidence for cause and effect
-includes at least one varied condition

99
Q

What are cohort studies?

A

one or more samples followed prospectively and subsequent status evaluations are conducted

100
Q

What are case studies?

A

compare patients who have a disease or outcome of interest with patients who do not and look retrospectively to determine relationships

101
Q

What are cross-sectional studies?

A

analysis of data collected from a population of representative subset at one specific point in time

102
Q

What are case reports?

A

article that describes and interprets an individual case
-written in form of a detailed story

103
Q

What is a variable?

A

unknown or known factors that are relevant to a study
-age, ethnicity, disease history, etc

104
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

causastive factor
-factor of conditions that changes naturally or is intentionally manipulated by investigator

105
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

response or outcome

106
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

error or confounded influences
-is not considered to have significant impact on dependent variable or outcome

107
Q

Can you accept a null hypothesis?

A

NO

108
Q

what is a P-value?

A

“alpha value”
-likelihood of differences occurring my chance alone

109
Q

What does a p-value of equal to or less than 0.05 mean?

A

reject the null and accept alternative

110
Q

What test do you use with nominal/categorical data?

A

Chi square test

111
Q

What tests do you use for ordinal data?

A

Mann/Whitnet

112
Q

What tests do you do for interval data?

A

T-test or ANOVA

113
Q

chi square for

A

nominal data

114
Q

Mann-whitney for

A

ordinal data

115
Q

ANOVA for

A

interval/ratio with 3+ independent groups

116
Q

T-test for

A

interval/ratio with 2 independent groups

117
Q

inferential statistics do not:

A

prove cause and effect
-estimate clinical effectiveness
-estimate risk/benefit

118
Q

Inferential statistics do:

A

estimate probability of getting results due to chance
-suggest numerical difference

119
Q

What is needed to calculate effect size?

A

mean and standard deviation for each group

120
Q

When relative risk= 1

A

there was not a difference between groups

121
Q

When relative risk > 1

A

risk of bad outcome decrease

122
Q

When relative risk < 1

A

risk of bad outcome increased with intervention

123
Q

What do Odds Ratios compare?

A

odds of event in one group to odds of events in comparison groups

124
Q

Sensitivity

A

negative rules disease out
-can still have false positive

125
Q

Specificity

A

positive rules a disease in
-can say you are negative even if you do have the disease

126
Q

positive predictor value

A

chance that when a test is positive, you actually have the disease

127
Q

negative predictor value

A

chance that when the test is negative, you actually do not have the disease

128
Q

statistical significance

A

used in hypothesis testing, may appear to be significantly statistically
-may not affect clincally

129
Q

clinical significance

A

practical importance of a treatment effect

130
Q

experimental event rate

A

event rate in treated/affected group

131
Q

control event rate

A

event rate in the control/unaffected group

132
Q

absolute risk reduction

A

compares treatment effectiveness

Clinical Decision making (1 decks)

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