MIDTERM

Question 1

changes the shape and size of the grains but doesn’t change chemical makeup

Answer 1

recrystallization

Question 2

transforms one mineral into another with the same composition but different crystalline structure

Answer 2

phase change

Question 3

growth of new minerals that are different from the protolith

Answer 3

metamorphic reaction/neocrystallization

Question 4

slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, migmatite, porphyroblast

Answer 4

foliated

Question 5

a rock reaches a high enough temperature where it behaves like soft plastic; stress causes grains to change shape

Answer 5

plastic deformation

Question 6

hornfels, amphibolite, quartzite, marble

Answer 6

nonfoliated

Question 7

specific minerals that form under certain P and T conditions

Answer 7

index minerals

Question 8

cooler country rock is heated and metamorphosed as hot magma and hydrothermal fluids rise through the crust

Answer 8

contact metamorphism

Question 9

creates mountain chain; material is buried causing increased temperature, pressure, and stress

Answer 9

regional metamorphism

Question 10

occurs due to impact or a high-pressure shock event like a meteorite

Answer 10

dynamic metamorphism

Question 11

what is the process of clastic sedimentary rocks?

Answer 11

weathering
erosion/transport
deposition
lithification

Question 12

organisms extract dissolved ions from seawater to make shells

Answer 12

biochemical

Question 13

describe chemical sedimentary rocks

Answer 13

-crystalline texture
-original precipitation
-recrystallization

Question 14

-water carries sediment running through submarine canyons
-makes graded bed-large grains on bottom

Answer 14

turbidity currents

Question 15

inland, either on dry land or in/near freshwater

Answer 15

terrestrial depositional environment

Question 16

affected by ocean processes

Answer 16

marine depositional environment

Question 17

sediment of any size can be moved and deposited

Answer 17

glacial

Question 18

high energy- can carry large clasts: boulder, cobble, and pebble desposited

Answer 18

mountain stream

Question 19

moving, high energy stream deposits its sediment load onto a plain due to an immediate change in velocity

Answer 19

alluvial fan (includes brecca, conglomerates, and arkose)

Question 20

well-sorted sandstones

Answer 20

desert/aeolian (arenites)

Question 21

changing energy as it moves downstream

Answer 21

river

Question 22

low energy- mud particles

Answer 22

lake (lacustrine)

Question 23

changing energy causes sediment loads to be dumped

Answer 23

delta

Question 24

waves move sand grains back and forth along the coastline

Answer 24

coastal beach sands

Question 25

vertical igneous intrusions that cut across country rock in a vertical manner

Answer 25

Dikes

Question 26

spread laterally in country rock, creating horizontal igneous intrusion- occurs in sedimentary rocks

Answer 26

sills

Question 27

similar to sills but thicker

Answer 27

Laccoliths

Question 28

magma chambers that have risen to a certain point in the crust and cooled over time; course-grained

Answer 28

plutons

Question 29

bigger plutons

Answer 29

batholiths

Question 30

the path of rising magma

Answer 30

diapirs

Question 31

explosive lava/magma

Answer 31

andesitic/rhyolitic

Question 32

fast, flowing lava/magma

Answer 32

basaltic

Question 33

-broad gentle slopes
-effusive eruptions: low-viscosity lava
-basaltic lava

Answer 33

-shield volcanoes (Mauna Loa)

Question 34

-large, steep-sided volcanoes consisting of interlayered lava, tephra, and volcaniclastic debris
-explosive eruption

Answer 34

stratovolcanoes/composite volcanoes (mt. Fuji)

Question 35

-piles of basaltic lapilli and blocks
-1 eruption event can last for days or years

Answer 35

cinder cone volcano

Question 36

-accumulation of Si-rich volcanic rock and obsidian
-can be highly unstable

Answer 36

Lava domes

Question 37

-eruptions eject debris over 1000km3

Answer 37

supervolcanoes (Caldera forms Lake Toba)

Question 38

-divergent boundary
-basaltic composition
-products of this volcanism cover 70% of the Earth’s surface

Answer 38

mid-ocean ridges

Question 39

-basaltic fissure erupting development of cinder cones and explosive rhyolitic volcanism

Answer 39

continental rifts

Question 40

-extraordinarily large amounts of low viscosity basaltic lava erupts out of fissures and spread out in vast sheets

Answer 40

flood basalts (Columbia River Plateau)