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Fall of Roman Republic > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Polybius

A

Greek writer of the second c. BC; wrote “The Histories”

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2
Q

Cato the Elder

A

Roman novus homo, statesman of the first half of the second c. BC

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3
Q

Pliny the Elder

A

Roman encyclopedist and polymath, d. AD 79

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4
Q

Livy

A

Roman historian writing under the emperor Augustus

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5
Q

the four comitia of the Roman
Republic

A

Comitia curiata; comitia centuriata; comitia tributa; concilium plebis

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6
Q

Comitia curiata

A

oldest; assembly of the 30 curiae wards; confers imperium on consuls and praetors; represented by ‘curate lictors’; called by consul, praetor or pontifex maximus

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7
Q

comitia centuriata

A

second oldest; assembly of the 193 centuries; privileging wealthy; can only be called by magistrates with imperium or people they delegate to do this; consul could call elections for magistrates; elects magistrates with potential for imperium (consuls, praetors); voting happens outside city walls

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8
Q

comitia tributa

A

tribal assembly of the 35 tribes; privileging agricultural element; called by consul, praetor, or curule aedile; can pass any kind of law

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9
Q

concilium plebis

A

assembly of only the plebs which met in tribes; privileging agricultural element; called by tribune; 287 BCE Lex Hortensia meant that laws passed applied to patricians as well

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10
Q

dictator, master of the horse, interred

A

oldest and ‘extraordinary’; all named, not elected

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11
Q

senate

A

power based on prestige; consultative not legislative; role defined by most maiorum; ca. 300 members chosen then vetted by censors; called by consul, praetor and later tribune (though this goes against custom); accrues spheres of interest; serve for life, not elected, and no constituency

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12
Q

augury

A

ncient Roman religious practice of watching birds for omens; 9 augurs; do gods approve or disapprove?; decrees about augural science; giving responsa to religious questions; inaugurating templa

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13
Q

haruspices

A

60 possibly from Etruria; interpreting thunderbolts, unusual occurrences, and entrails; not a priestly college

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14
Q

senator

A

Senators were entitled to wear a toga with a broad purple stripe, maroon shoes, and an iron (later gold) ring.

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15
Q

equestrian

A

The equites constituted the second of the property-based classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the senatorial class. They often had money but were not interested in politics

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16
Q

patrician

A

The patricians (from Latin: patricius) were originally a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome.

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17
Q

plebeian

A

non-noble families

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18
Q

capite censi

A

lowest class of citizens in ancient Rome; owned little or no property, so they were counted by the head rather than by their property

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19
Q

res publica

A

‘the public thing’; magistrates, people, laws; advised by the senate

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20
Q

nobilitas, nobiles

A

older version (‘known’) of office and service overlaid with new emphasis on family; having had a consul in your family

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21
Q

patronus

A

The patron was the protector, sponsor, and benefactor of the client; Patronage relationship were not exclusively between two people and also existed between a general and his soldiers, a founder and colonists

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22
Q

cliens

A

a client was a free man who entrusted himself to another and received protection in return; Ordinary clients supported their patron (*patronus) in political and private life, and demonstrated their loyalty and respect by going to his house to greet him each morning (see salutatio), and attending him when he went out

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23
Q

amicus

A

friendship, either between individuals, between the state and an individual or between states. It was “a technical term of Roman political life”; did not involve treaties or reciprocal obligations

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24
Q

cursus honorum

A

“race-track of honor”; quaestor –> praetor –> consul; curule magistrates beyond quaestor

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25
Q

questorship

A

8-10; age 30; financial duties; usually worked with tribune or aedile

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26
Q

praetorship

A

6; age 39; military, judicial*, administrative duties; held imperium; had the curule chair and tribunal; 6 lictors each; toga praetexta

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27
Q

consulship

A

2; minimum age 42; military* and judicial duties; held imperium; curule chair and tribunal; 12 lictors each

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28
Q

tribunes

A

meant to be plebeians; 10; personally sacrosanct; veto any acts of other magistrates

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29
Q

aedileship

A

4; minimum age 36; 2 are plebeian aediles and elected in concilium plebes; 2 curule aediles wearing toga praetexta with care of the city and commercial transactions

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30
Q

dignitas

A

Dignitas was the influence a male citizen acquired throughout his life, including personal reputation, moral standing, and ethical worth, along with the man’s entitlement to respect and proper treatment owing to the reputation and standing of his family

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31
Q

auctoritas

A

level of prestige a person had in Roman society, and, as a consequence, his standing, influence, and ability to rally support around his will

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32
Q

honor

A

honor of person

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33
Q

potestas: auctoritas :: ‘constitution’: X :: laws: Y

A

X = senate; Y = tradition (mos)

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34
Q

census

A

conducted every 5 years; difficult to discern how accurate the information is

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35
Q

triumph

A

civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of a military commander who had led Roman forces to victory; able to walk through Roman streets

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36
Q

funeral

A

procession, cremation and burial, eulogy, feast, and commemoration

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37
Q

cognomen

A

the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became hereditary (e.g., Scaevola)

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38
Q

agnomen

A

additional, fourth name given to a person by the ancient Romans in allusion to some achievement or other circumstance, as “Africanus”

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39
Q

novus homo

A

man who was the first in his family to serve in the Roman Senate or, more specifically, to be elected as consul

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40
Q

flamen Dialis

A

appearance and taboos abound; patrician; parents married by confarreatio; duties (flamen of Jupiter); cannot be bound; can never be a magistrate bc overlapping responsibilities

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41
Q

other flamines

A

15; Mars, Quirinus; Vulturnus; Vulcanus; Furrina; Pomona; must be patricians

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42
Q

rex sacrorum

A

1; patrician; sacrifices and regifugium (reenacts expulsion of kings); no magistracy; announces festivals

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43
Q

pontifices

A

16; headed by pontifex maximus (who must live in regia); both patricians and plebeians; sacrifices; calendar; responsa on religious questions

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44
Q

decemviri scares faciundis

A

10; conducting sacrifices; consulting Sibylline books

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45
Q

Vestals

A

6; generally from patrician families; guarding the flame of Vesta; legally emancipated from any man; made mola salsa (salted flour)

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46
Q

VIII viri epulonum

A

7; organized banquets for epulum Iovi “feast of Jupiter”

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47
Q

sodalitates

A

brotherhoods

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48
Q

Arval brethren

A

12; from senatorial families; cult of Dea Dia at fifth milestone

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49
Q

Salii

A

2 groups of 12; patricians; “leaper” and “the dancing priests of Mars” with ancilia; linen armor; silver apex helmet

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50
Q

Luperci

A

two groups; wolf men performing fertility ceremony; Marc Antony was one

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51
Q

Fetiales

A

20; declarers of war and local arrangers of peace; sacrifice of piglet with a knife or flint to declare peace; used an arrow to declare war

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52
Q

quaestio perpetua

A

permanent jury court in the Roman republic. The first was established by the lex Calpurnia de repetundis in 149 BC to try cases on corruption and extortion

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53
Q

quaestio de rebus
repetundis

A

standing criminal court that heard cases of corruption or misconduct in office and concerned itself especially with the recovery of extorted money

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54
Q

kalends

A

first of the month

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55
Q

nones

A

The Nones fell on the 7th day of the long months (March, May, Quinctilis, October), and the 5th of the others

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56
Q

ides

A

Ides fell on the 15th if the month was long, and the 13th if the month was short

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57
Q

mos maiorum

A

unwritten code from which the ancient Romans derived their social norms; based on tradition

58
Q

pomerium

A

religious boundary around the city of Rome; Aventine Hill outside the pomerium; imperium must be practiced outside

59
Q

templum

A

sacred sanctuary or shrine that was consecrated by a member of the priesthood for religious purposes

60
Q

capitolium

A

Capitoline Hill; Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus in on there

61
Q

arx

A

“citadel”. In the ancient city of Rome, the arx was located on the northern spur of the Capitoline Hill, and is sometimes specified as the Arx Capitolina

62
Q

Palatine

A

the original Romans lived on the Palatine; site of the ancient festival of the Lupercalia.

Many affluent Romans of the Republican period had their residences there.

63
Q

vestibulum

A

The vestibulum was the main entrance hall of the Roman domus. It is usually seen only in grander structures; however, many urban homes had shops or rental space directly off the streets with the front door between

64
Q

atrium

A

large open-air or skylight-covered space surrounded by a building

65
Q

tablinum

A

room generally situated on one side of the atrium and opposite to the entrance; it opened in the rear onto the peristyle, with either a large window or only an anteroom or curtain. The walls were richly decorated with fresco pictures, and busts of the family were arranged on pedestals on the two sides of the room

66
Q

salutatio

A

daily Roman ritual in which powerful, prominent citizens would receive their “clients,” who would bring news, ask for favors, and be asked for favors in return

67
Q

C. Laelius ‘Sapiens’

A

Roman statesman, best known for his friendship with the Roman general and statesman Scipio Aemilianus. He was consul of 140 BC. Laelius was called Sapiens (“wise”) because of his decision not to undertake efforts at political reform that were beginning to create serious dissension in the Roman Senate.

68
Q

P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus
‘Africanus the Younger’

A

Roman general famed both for his exploits during the Third Punic War (149–146 BC) and for his subjugation of Spain (134–133 BC). He received the name Africanus and celebrated a triumph in Rome after his destruction of Carthage (146 BC). He acquired the (unofficial) name Numantinus for his reduction of Spanish Numantia (133 BC).

69
Q

Cornelia

A

mother of the Gracchi; first woman celebrated in her own right with statues

70
Q

Ap. Claudius Pulcher

A

Roman politician, father-in-law of the agrarian reformer Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. Claudius served on the Gracchan land commission from 133 until his death.

71
Q

princeps senatus

A

leading member of the Senate

72
Q

C. Hostilius Mancinus

A

politician and general of the Roman Republic. He is mostly known for his defeat against the Numantines as consul in 137 BC and the humiliating treaty he signed afterwards in order to save his army.

73
Q

Ti. Sempronius Gracchus

A

sponsored agrarian reforms to restore the class of small independent farmers and who was assassinated in a riot sparked by his senatorial opponents. His brother was Gaius Sempronius Gracchus.

74
Q

P. Licinius Crassus Mucianus ‘Dives’
(‘Rich’)

A

Roman politician who supported the agrarian reforms of the tribune Tiberius Gracchus. Brother of the orator and jurist Publius Mucius Scaevola

75
Q

P. Mucius Scaevola

A

prominent Roman politician and jurist who was consul in 133 BC. tribune of the plebs in 141 BC and praetor in 136 BC. He also held the position of pontifex maximus for sixteen years after his consulship. He died around 115 BC.

Scaevola was consul at the time of Tiberius Gracchus’ tribuneship and murder, and was heavily involved in reconciling the Senate following Gracchus’ death. According to Cicero, Scaevola supported Gracchus’ land reforms

76
Q

M. Fulvius Flaccus

A

Roman senator and an ally of the Gracchi. He served as consul in 125 BC and as plebeian tribune in 122 BC. As a solution to the problem of land division among the allied cities, Flaccus proposed to give Roman citizenship to individual Italian allies in order to obtain land

77
Q

lex Sempronia agraria

A

Tiberius Gracchus’ land reform bill; land in excess of this legal precedent should be confiscated, after payment to the owner, and redistributed to the landless poor

78
Q

ager publicus

A

public land of which there were 5 types: ager occupatorius, ager questorius, ager in trientabulis, ager censorious, and ager scripturarius

79
Q

Attalus III

A

ruling Pergamon; left his kingdom in his will to the Roman Republic; Tiberius Gracchus requested that the treasury of Pergamon be opened up to the Roman public, but the Senate refused this

80
Q

M. Octavius

A

Roman tribune of the plebs in 133 BC and a major rival of Tiberius Gracchus; at the behest of the Roman senate, repeatedly vetoed Gracchus’s programmes of land refor

81
Q

P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio

A

mobilising the mob which killed Tiberius Gracchus, who was at the time attempting to stand for re-election as plebeian tribune in 133 BC. He was consul in 138 BC and served as pontifex maximus, from possibly 141 through to his death in 132 BC.

82
Q

P. Popillius Laenas

A

When consul he incurred the hatred of the populares by his harsh measures as head of a special commission appointed to take measures against the accomplices of Tiberius Gracchus. In 123 BC Gaius Gracchus brought in a bill prohibiting all such commissions, and declared that, in accordance with the old laws of appeal, a magistrate who pronounced sentence of death against a Roman citizen, without the people’s assent, should be guilty of high treason.

83
Q

C. Sempronius Gracchus

A

reenacted the agrarian reforms of his brother, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, and who proposed other measures to lessen the power of the senatorial nobility; He formulated a bill—aimed at his brother’s enemy Octavius—that would have denied further office to magistrates deposed by the Assembly; land reform

84
Q

M. Livius Drusus

A

Drusus began by proposing colonial and agrarian reform bills; given the right of collecting taxes to the knights and had made them the source of jurors on standing criminal courts

85
Q

lex Acilia

A

It provides for equites as jurors in courts overseeing the senatorial class to prevent corruption abroad. Equites who gained tax contracts or presided over courts could not, unlike senators, be prosecuted for extortion. The law was extremely unpopular in the Senate since it subjected the senatorial class to the inferior equestrian

86
Q

L. Opimius

A

held the consulship in 121 BC, in which capacity and year he ordered the execution of 3,000 supporters of popular leader Gaius Gracchus without trial, using as pretext the state of emergency declared after Gracchus’s recent and turbulent death. He was censured in 116 BC by a tribunal investigating illicit bribes taken from Jugurtha

87
Q

senatusconsultum ultimum

A

“final decree of the Senate”; resolutions of the Roman Senate lending its moral support for magistrates to use the full extent of their powers and ignore the laws to safeguard the state; used against C. Gracchus

88
Q

lex Rubria

A

provisions for and restrictions on local jurisdiction in Cisalpine Gaul

89
Q

Numantia

A

In 137 BC, 20,000 Romans surrendered to Numantia ; Tiberius Gracchus, as quaestor, saved the Roman army from destruction by signing a peace treaty with the Numantines, which the Senate rejected; 133 BC the Roman Senate gave Scipio Aemilianus Africanus the task of destroying Numantia

90
Q

Pergamon

A

When Attalus III died without an heir in 133 BC, he bequeathed the whole of Pergamon to Rome

91
Q

Fregellae

A

belonged the Volsci; after the rejection of Flaccus’s proposals for the extension of Roman citizenship in 125 BC, a revolt broke out against Rome. A local traitor named Numitorius opened the gates to the Roman army under the praetor Lucius Opimius.

92
Q

Arpinum

A

The town produced two consuls of the Roman republic: Gaius Marius and Marcus Tullius Cicero

93
Q

Junonia

A

Ancient Roman colony established in 122 BC under the direction of Gaius Gracchus; located at the site of the destroyed city of Carthage

94
Q

Narbo

A

established in Gaul by the Roman Republic in 118 BC and made into the capital of the newly established province of Gallia Transalpina

95
Q

Jugurtha

A

king of Numidia; His troops then massacred many residents including the Romans. This brought Jugurtha into direct conflict with Rome, which sent troops; in 105 BC Marius sent his quaestor, Sulla, to Mauretania in order to weaken Jugurtha; Jugurtha was brought to Rome in chains and was paraded through the streets as Gaius Marius’ Roman triumph

96
Q

C. Marius

A

3rd founder of Rome; Victor of the Cimbric and Jugurthine wars, he held the office of consul an unprecedented seven times; from Arpinum; Marius suffered political setbacks during his sixth consulship in 100 BC and afterwards entered a period of semi-retirement from public life

97
Q

Bocchus

A

was king of Mauretania from c. 111 – 80 BCE. He was father-in-law to the Numidian king Jugurtha, with whom he initially allied against the Romans in the Jugurthine War, a lengthy and indecisive conflict. King Bocchus eventually betrayed Jugurtha to the Romans in 105 BCE.

98
Q

L. Cornelius Sulla

A

Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship; Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha’s betrayal by the king’s allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war; fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War

99
Q

Q. Caecilius Metellus ‘Numidicus’

A

leader of the Optimates, the conservative faction of the Roman Senate. He was a bitter political opponent of Gaius Marius. He was consul in 109 BC, in that capacity he commanded the Roman forces in Africa during the Jugurthine War. In 107 BC, he was displaced from his command by Marius. On his return he was granted a triumph and the cognomen Numidicus.

100
Q

P. Rutilius Rufus

A

great-uncle of Gaius Julius Caesar; During his consulship, he reformed the drill system and improved army discipline. As legate to Quintus Mucius Scaevola, he attempted to protect the inhabitants of Asia from extortion by the equites, which provoked them to raise the accusation of extortion from those provincials

101
Q

Cn. Pompeius Strabo

A

consul in 89; father of Pompey the Great; Strabo celebrated a triumph for his victories against the Italian Allies on 27 December 89

102
Q

Q. Lutatius Catulus

A

consul of the Roman Republic in 102 BC. His consular colleague was Gaius Marius. During their consulship the Cimbri and Teutones marched south again and threatened the Republic. While Marius marched against the Teutones in Gaul, Catulus had to keep the Cimbri from invading Italy. In this he failed; the Cimbri succeeded in invading the Po Valley. In 101 BC Catulus, as proconsul, continued the war against the Cimbri.

103
Q

pilum

A

javelin

104
Q

eagle

A

legionary standards of Roman army

105
Q

muli Mariani

A

Marian reforms were alleged changes to the composition and operation of the Roman army; altering of the socio-economic background of the soldiery. Other changes were supposed to have included the introduction of the cohort; the institution of a single form of heavy infantry with uniform equipment; the universal adoption of the eagle standard; and the abolition of the citizen cavalry

106
Q

centurions

A

The size of the century changed over time, and from the first century BC through most of the imperial era was reduced to 80 men

107
Q

velites

A

class of infantry in the Roman army of the mid-Republic from 211 to 107 BC. Velites were light infantry and skirmishers armed with javelins

108
Q

hastati

A

class of infantry employed in the armies of the early Roman Republic, who originally fought as spearmen and later as swordsmen

109
Q

principes

A

spearmen, and later swordsmen, in the armies of the early Roman Republic. They were men in the prime of their lives who were fairly wealthy, and could afford decent equipment. They were the heavier infantry of the legion who carried large shields and wore good quality armor

110
Q

triarii

A

They were the oldest and among the wealthiest men in the army and could afford high quality equipment. They wore heavy metal armor and carried large shields, their usual position being the third battle line.

111
Q

maniple

A

a subdivision of a Roman legion, containing either 120 or 60 men.

112
Q

legion

A

argest military unit of the Roman army, comprised 4,200 infantry and 300 equites (cavalry)

113
Q

century

A

military units originally consisting of 100 men

114
Q

cohort

A

generally composed of 480 soldiers

115
Q

legates

A

The legatus of a Roman Republican army was essentially a supreme military tribune; After “Marian reforms”, the figure of the legatus as a major second-in-command was eliminated. Multiple legati were assigned to every army, each in command of a legion

116
Q

military tribunes

A

officer of the Roman army who ranked below the legate and above the centurion. Young men of Equestrian rank often served as military tribune as a stepping stone to the Senate

117
Q

C. Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus
‘Sesquiculus’

A

In 103 BC, he was on a committee to supervise the implementation of the Lex frumentaria, an agrarian bill, proposed by tribune Lucius Appuleius Saturninus. Strabo became a pontifex in 99 BC; a quaestor in 96 BC and an aedile in 90 BC.

In the midst of the Social War, Strabo stood for the consulship even though he had not yet been praetor.

118
Q

lex Plautia Papiria

A

Roman plebiscite enacted amidst the Social War in 89 BCE. It was proposed by the Tribunes of the Plebs, Silvanus and Carbo. The law granted Roman citizenship to Italian communities that had previously rebelled against Rome during this war

119
Q

Q. Hortensius Hortalus

A

consul in 69 BC; After 63, Cicero gravitated towards the faction to which Hortensius belonged. Consequently, in political cases, the two men were often engaged on the same side

120
Q

M. Tullius Cicero

A

He is considered one of Rome’s greatest orators and prose stylists and the innovator of what became known as “Ciceronian rhetoric”; tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire

121
Q

lex Varia

A

criminal law passed on the motion of Hybrida; passed after the Social War; ????

122
Q

P. Sulpicius Rufus

A

Roman politician and orator whose attempts to pass controversial laws with the help of mob violence helped trigger the first civil war of the Roman Republic. His actions kindled the deadly rivalry between Gaius Marius and Sulla, and provided the pretext for Sulla’s unexpected march on Rome.

123
Q

iustitium

A

temporary suspension of jurisdiction and judicial operations by magistrates and judges in civil and criminal matters. It was proclaimed by a magistrate in an edict, usually on the senate’s authority. It was originally used in a military crisis, especially a tumultus, to enable the people to concentrate on raising an army

124
Q

conubium

A

right to a valid, legal Roman marriage (children are Roman citizens)

125
Q

commercium

A

create valid Roman contracts between citizens and others

126
Q

ius suffragii

A

right to come to Rome and vote

127
Q

ius migrandi

A

right of Latin individuals to acquire Roman citizenship through migration and settlement in Rome

128
Q

coloniae

A

Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it. Eventually, however, the term came to denote the highest status of a Roman city

129
Q

civitates foederatae

A

federated cities; supply men; by Punic War, >150 of them

130
Q

the Social War

A

81 - 87 BCE; rebellion of Asculum started it; allies seeking to have more rights and frustrating at supplying men when their population is dwindling; Latins did not fight

131
Q

Q. Poppaedius Silo

A

led the north or Marsic group of Roman allies in the Social War

132
Q

C. Papius Mutilus

A

led the south or Sanmite group in the Social War

133
Q

lex Iulia

A

90 BCE; granted Roman citizenship to Latin and Italian communities (likely to those who did not revolt or who laid down their arms); takes steam out of rebellion

134
Q

lex Pompeia

A

89 BCE; grants Latin status to inhabitants of Cisalpine Gaul

135
Q

lex Licinia Mucia

A

95 BCE; set up a quaestio to investigate Latin and Italian allies registered as Romans on the citizen rolls. It was established by consuls Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex in 95 BC. This law is regarded as a cause of the Social War

136
Q

Arausio

A

105 BCE; two Roman armies, commanded by proconsul Quintus Servilius Caepio and consul Gnaeus Mallius Maximus, clashed with the migratory tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutones.

Differences between the Roman commanders prevented regular coordination between their armies, resulting in annihilation by the united Cimbrian-Teutonic force

137
Q

Gallia Transpadana (or Cisalpina)

A

“on this side of the Alps” (from the perspective of the Romans)

138
Q

Gallia Narbonensis (or Transalpina)

A

“on the far side of the Alps”

139
Q

Vercellae

A

101 BCE; Cimbric king defeated by a Roman army under the joint command of the consul Gaius Marius and the proconsul Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The battle marked the end of the Germanic threat to the Roman Republic.

140
Q

Aquae Sextiae

A

102 BCE; Romans under Gaius Marius finally defeated the Teutones and Ambrones as they attempted to advance through the Alps into Italy

141
Q

Asculum

A

start of Social War

Fall of Roman Republic (1 decks)

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