Midterm Flashcards
Middle childhood is a time in which children….
Developments of who they are
Begin to accurately assess their own competence
Develop a sense of power based on their status, with peers and the ability to understand their own behaviour
Seek acceptance by Peers
Evaluate themselves in terms of appropriate or inappropriate behaviour
Perceive themselves differently, begin comparing themselves
Attention is directly related to ______
I will give you the amount of attention related to their_____
Age
Physical activity resets_________ _______
Attention, Span
All children will develop at their own ________
It is important to acknowledge this, so we can plan with children’s _________ _________ & _________ in mind
Pace
Individual needs and interests
From sensory motor to preoperational children’s develop the ability to
Use of symbols: spoken and written word, pictures, objects, gestures, etc.
From pre-operational to concrete operations children, develop the ability to
Conserve inform operations
The biggest shift we have in our lifetime cognitively is
Preoperational to concrete operational thought because of the ability to conserve
Define conservation
The understanding that certain properties of objects, such as quantity and number, do not change in spite of perceived transformation
Children who can conserve are
less likely to make judgements about reality based on……
Can now think about
Can d……..
Can r…….
Immediate, perceived appearances of things
Transformations
Decentrate - multiple attributes
Reverse actions
Preschoolers cognitively cannot recall…..
The past without help
How does cognition relate to school age friendships
Not focussing on how people look
Looking at internal enduring qualities
They begin to understand internal traits like kindness
School agers changes in thought
Can use strategies and rules to solve problems
Rules make things more systematic
Less egocentric
Realizes there are many sides to a problem that must be considered
Imitations of concrete operations
They are still working on
understanding what hasn’t happened yet
what might be in the future
How does make-believe play Promote concrete operational thought
Decentration: the realization that children can be themselves and enact a rule simultaneously
Reversibility: the awareness that they can change from their make-believe role back to the real identity at any time
Affective school-age educators
Likes children and relates well to them
Encourages children to be independent
Understands child development
Is a good role model
Passionate and understands the power of connection
Allows freedom while setting limits
Has good communication skills
Understands the balance of expectations and support
Can guide children in problem-solving
Includes physical activity into planning
Cares about families
Is able to work as part as a team
Understand their role
inductive and deductive reasoning:
Connection with relationships and natural consequences
(Inductive and deductive reasoning)
Test hypotheses:
Applying expectations in the world
Inductive thinking
Reasoning from experience
Deductive thinking
Forming patterns and expectations
Inductive logic
Going from your own experiences to a general principle
Mnemonic devices
Repetition, imagery, chunking
Kindergarten children need to be touching items they need to……
Remember
School agers will rehearse, but only if
Reminded to do so each and every time
Older, school-age children rehearse _______ ________ and use ________ with the intention of retaining information
Word lists
Chungking
Working memory is still small and thinking about strategies is still hard for _____________
Preschoolers
A for year old has a digit span of
3 to 4 items
A 12-year-old has a digit span of
12
A digit span is
A memory span or the longest list of items that can be repeated back in the correct order
Processing
The more children now the faster they can think about these things:
More nodes, and more roots to these nodes
Processing capacity
More and varied experiences make these items more familiar:
Encoded more completely, the connection is stronger
Processing capacity
When thinking is quicker,……
More thoughts can be processed in a shorter period of time
Memory changes
Short term memory increases
use of strategies increases
Long term, memory gets larger
More neural connections and better organized as children know more about the world
Processing speed up and STM larger
Attention span
The ability to_______ ___________ to enhance cognitive skills to manipulate _________ ___________ rapidly increases
Use language
Social situations
Children’s choir as many as _____ words a day achieving a vocabulary of ____________ words by grade five
20
40,000
Children will often deduce the meaning of the word through….
Knowledge of the context in which it’s used
Children learn and understand words not always through….
Direct experiences (computers, reading, conversations, and television)
The goal of reading is to…
Understand what is being said
How many hard words should be in a “just write book”
4
What power to schoolagers know whereas preschoolers can’t use yet
The power of language
Code switching
Children learned to change the form of language in different situations
Guidelines for school-age child educators
Provide a variety of reading material
Plan activities that expand vocabulary
Model
What is the critical period of language
Critical time or sensitive. For acquiring language that begins at one or two years of age peaks in the later preschool years and continues to some degree until 13 to 15 years of age.
By the age of _____ or ______ children have acquired and mastered most of the rules for speaking in their native language
6 or 7
Two important rules or functions for learning language
- Pragmatics
- Grammar
What is pragmatics?
Rules for communicating in a social context
More important then we think to how we communicate
Grammer has more _______then rules
Exceptions
Overregularization
As children apply a language rule to a word or phrase that doesn’t follow that rule
Areas of learning to read (video)
Pre-reading skills
Noticing sounds
Learning letters
Blending sounds
Learning sight words
Word families
Decoding words
Reading comprehension
What is phonemic Awareness
The ability to identify, think about, and manipulate the smallest sounds (phonemes) in language
Phonics
A method for teaching phoneme-grapheme correspondences for reading and spelling
Fluency
The ability to read a text accurately, automatically, and with expression
Vocabulary
Understanding and using words in oral and written language
Comprehensive
The goal of reading, understanding what is read
Goal of reading
Comprehension
5 components of reading
Phonemic Awareness
Phonics
Fluency
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Phonics is
Decoding
Whole word is
image processing
3 parts to a learning trajectory
1st is the goal
2nd developmental progression
3rd how we as educators can support their learning and their environment
Strength based approach is
Focussing of what children can do instead of what they can’t do so if they can do “this” what’s the next step
Gain ____ inches and _____ pounds per year throughout school age years
2-3
8
Age 9 female growth spurt, 11 years for boys:
When girls have increased in body fat & boys have a decrease
School agers have a lower centre of gravity, but jk/sks
are still top-heavy so higher centre of gravity
Gross motor development
Changes to body proportions
Can gallop before skipping
Can skip by 6
Girls excel in agility and balance whereas boys excel at…
speed and distance/strength
School agers use their ________ _______ to throw
Whole body
Cognitive process that allows them to know when the skills are
Needed
________ skills that allow them to be part of a team
Interpersonal
Coordination of nervous system:…..
Cerebellum mediates between motor movements, sensory perception, and precise timing
Prediction and judgment are still
faulty
What are intermittent growth spurts
Growing pains
dribbling a ball while running is an example of
Combining gross motor actions
Fine motor pre/k
Increased finger, dexterity, strength, and control
Increased control of finger pressure
Using scissors for cutting curves and smaller pieces
Fine motor school-age
Eye- hand, coordination and precision continues to improve
Riding become smaller
Vision and hearing
Growth of Eustachian tube helps reduce incidence of ear infections
Myopia (nearsightedness) occurs in approximately 25% of school-age children
Myopia usually emerges between 8 and 12 years
Both hereditary and environment contribute to myopia
Contributors to declining physical activity
Economics
concern over safety
technology
social media
Physical activity benefits _____ areas of development
All
Physical, cognitive, social emotional
What is rough-and-tumble play?
Vigourous play, and non-aggressive
