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Kines Midterm > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is kinesiology?

A

The study of human movement

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2
Q

What is kinematic?

A

A branch of mechanics that describes motion of a body in space without regard to forces or torques

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3
Q

What are the two types of motion?

A
  1. Translation
  2. Rotation
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4
Q

What is translation motion?

A

Linear motion - all parts move in a straight line

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5
Q

What is rotation motion?

A

Angular motion - body spins about an axis

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6
Q

In the human body, what translates through space during movements?

A

The center of mass (where mass is exactly centered)

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7
Q

Where is the center of mass located?

A

In front of S2 sacral segment, near bellybutton

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8
Q

How do muscles create angular movements?

A

Muscles rotate the limb to create angular movement of joint

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9
Q

What is a pivot point?

A

The axis of rotation, point where motion of rotating body is zero

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10
Q

How can movement of body be describes?

A

Active or passive

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11
Q

What is active movement?

A

Movement that is caused by stimulated muscle contractions
Volitional (conscious) control

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12
Q

What is passive movement?

A

Movement that is caused by other sources like external forces (gravity, push/pull) or tension in stretched connective tissue (internal forces)

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13
Q

What is osteokinematics?

A

The motion of bones relative to the 3 cardinal planes

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14
Q

What are the three cardinal planes?

A
  • Sagittal
  • frontal
  • transverse
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15
Q

What are the planes of motion in relationship to? (Reference frame)

A

Anatomical position

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16
Q

What does the sagittal plane divide? What is its axis?

A
  • Divides the body from left to right segments
  • medial to lateral axis
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17
Q

What does the frontal plane divide? What is its axis?

A
  • divides body from left to right
  • anterior-posterior axis
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18
Q

What does the transverse plane divide? What is its axis?

A
  • divides the body into top and bottom segments
  • vertical axis
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19
Q

What is the axis of rotation?

A

point at which the bones rotate around the joint and perpendicular to the plane

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20
Q

Which partner does the axis of rotation pass through?

A

Convex partner

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21
Q

What motions typically occur in sagittal plane?

A

flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion

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22
Q

What motions occur in the frontal plane?

A

abduction, adduction, lateral flexion

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23
Q

What motions occur in the horizontal plane?

A

medial (internal) rotation, lateral (external) rotation

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24
Q

What are degrees of freedom and how many are allowed at a joint?

A
  • the number of independent directions of movements allowed at a joint
  • joints can have up to 3 degrees of freedom, in all 3 planes of motion
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25
Q

What are accessory movements? In what directions to they occur?

A
  • slight passive translatory movement of the bones in the joint
  • occurs in A/P, M/L, S/I directions
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26
Q

What is proximal on distal joint movement?

A
  • proximal segment rotates on fixed distal segment
  • ex. squatting; push-up
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27
Q

What is distal on proximal joint movement?

A
  • distal joint segment rotates on fixed proximal segment
  • ex. knee extension while sitting; elbow flexion
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28
Q

Anatomical position

A

generally agreed upon reference position of the body used to describe location and movement of its parts
- a person standing full upright, looking forward, arms resting by side, forearms supinated

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29
Q

What is external force?

A

push or pull produced by sources located outside the body
- gravity, physical contact

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30
Q

What is a segment?

A

any portion of the body or limb

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31
Q

What is arthrokinematics?

A

the motion that occurs between articular surfaces of joints

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32
Q

What are the fundamental movements between joint surfaces?

A
  • roll
  • spin
  • slide
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33
Q

definition of roll

A

when multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another surface
- ex. like a tire moving on the ground

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34
Q

definition of slide

A

a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface
- ex. a tire (non-rotating) skids across a stretch of pavement

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35
Q

definition of spin

A

a single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point of another articular surface
- ex. a toy top spinning

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36
Q

When does the roll and slide occur in the same direction?

A

concave on convex

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37
Q

What is an example of same roll and slide direction?

A

elbow flexion (the concave olecranon of the ulna moves on the convex humerus)

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38
Q

When does the roll ad side occur in the opposite direction?

A

convex on concave

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39
Q

What is an example of opposite roll and slide direction?

A

shoulder abduction (the convex head of humerus moves in concave glenoid fossa)

40
Q

When does spinning arthrokinematics occur?

A

when the longitudinal axis of the moving bones intersects the surface of its partner at a right angle

41
Q

What are examples of spin arthrokinematics?

A
  • internal and external rotation of the humerus at 90 deg. abduction
  • ball and socket joints
  • forearm pronation at the radiohumeral joint
42
Q

When are all 3 arthrokinematics motions combines?

A
  • when the joint will slightly spin to lock the joint
  • flexion/extension of the knee, you get a spin of the tibia to lock the joint
43
Q

What is a closed packed position of a joint?

A

the position of max congruency, the articular surfaces are tightly packed together

44
Q

When does a closed packed position occur?

A

at the end or near the end of a range of motion

45
Q

How many positions in a joint are close packed?

A

one

46
Q

What is a loose packed position of a joint?

A
  • all other positions of a joint other than close packed
  • the ligaments are slackened and allow for accessory movement
47
Q

When does loose packed position occur?

A

in midrange of range of motion

48
Q

What is resting position of a joint?

A
  • most loose-packed position
  • most comfortable when joints are injured or swollen
  • somewhere in midrange ROM
49
Q

What is kinetics?

A

a branch of mechanics that describes the effect of forces on the body

50
Q

What is a force?

A

a push or pull that can produce, stop, or modify a movement

51
Q

What is force also known as when acting on the body?

A

a load

52
Q

What is torque?

A

force around an axis

53
Q

What are example of force?

A
  • tension
  • compression
  • bending
  • shear
  • torsion
  • combined
  • unloaded
54
Q

Difference between health and damaged tissues in terms of force

A
  • healthy tissues can withstand force and maintain their structure
  • damaged or weak tissues are more susceptible to loads and strains
55
Q

What is the ratio of stress/strain?

A

stiffness

56
Q

What is the elastic region of stress strain curve?

A

linear region where there is still stretching, but it isn’t breaking

57
Q

What is the plastic region of stress strain curve?

A

nonlinear region where deformation can occur
- tissue can reach failure point and tear/break

58
Q

What is the yield point of stress strain curve?

A
  • complete failure of tissue
  • the tissue doesn’t return to normal and is deformed
59
Q

What is viscoelasticity?

A

property of material that changes along the stress strain curve as a function of time
- ex. taffy, slowly stretch, if you pull very quickly it won’t do anything

60
Q

definition of creep

A

a progressive strain of a material when exposed to a constant load over time and eventually can break

61
Q

How does rate of loading impact stress strain curve?

A

if you’re loading something very fast this has more resistance to deformation

62
Q

explain the stress strain curve with examples

A
  • taffy example: if you slowly start to stretch taffy, you are able to pull on it and create a bridge of taffy between your two hands. as you pull your hands apart, this is the plastic elastic region. when the bridge of taffy gets very thin, you enter the plastic region where the taffy is likely to break. finally you hit the yield point where the bridge of the taffy breaks and you’re left with taffy split in half
63
Q

What are internal forces?

A

forces produced from structures within the body and may be active or passive

64
Q

What are external forces?

A

forces produced by sources outside of the body

65
Q

What are examples of active and passive internal forces?

A
  • active forces are muscles
  • passive are connective tissue (usually restrain motion)
66
Q

What are examples of external forces?

A
  • gravity (wind resistance, friction)
  • physical contact (weight on something)
67
Q

What is a free body diagram?

A

an illustration of forces acting on a segment of the body

68
Q

What are components of a free body diagram?

A
  • vector
  • point of application
  • angle of insertion
69
Q

What is the most effective angle to move an object?

A

90 degrees

70
Q

What is a vector?

A

an arrow that depicts both magnitude and direction

71
Q

What is point of application?

A

where the base of the arrow contacts the body (where muscle inserts into bone)

72
Q

What is angle of insertion?

A

angle between the tendon of the muscle and the bone insertion

73
Q

What is static linear equilibrium?

A

the sum of all forces acting on the segment is zero because forces are balanced

74
Q

How many times greater is internal than external force and what does this mean?

A
  • 3x greater
  • to hold your forearm at 90 deg., your bicep has to work 3x as hard as gravity
75
Q

What is the equation for work and torque

A

work = force x distance
torque = force x resistance

76
Q

What is a concentric muscle activation?

A

occurs as a muscle produces a pulling force as it contracts (shortens) usually an acceleration

77
Q

What is an isometric muscle activation?

A

occurs when a muscle is producing a pulling force when maintaining a constant length

78
Q

What is an eccentric muscle activation?

A
  • occurs as a muscle produces a pulling force as it is being elongated by a more dominant force (lengthening)
  • usually a deceleration
79
Q

What plane does gravity minimize?

A

transverse plane

80
Q

Agonist

A

muscle of muscle group that is most closely related to the initiation and execution of a particular movement

81
Q

antagonist

A

muscle or group that is considered to have opposite action of agonist

82
Q

synergist

A
  • muscle that cooperate during a movement
  • some muscles can neutralize unwanted movement to create a particular movement
  • helps, holds stable
83
Q

force couple

A

when 2 or more muscles simultaneously produce forces in different linear directions and results in rotary direction

84
Q

example of force couple

A
  • upper and middle traps with serratus anterior working on scapula to pull into upward rotation
  • upper trap pulls up on acromion, middle pulls down on spine, serratus pulls on inferior angle
85
Q

What is a lever? what are the components?

A
  • machine that has a rod suspended across a pivot point; converts linear force into rotary torque
  • has axis, muscle force/effort resistance (AER)
86
Q

What is a first class lever? Example?

A

has axis of rotation between the muscle effort and resistance
ex. seesaw

87
Q

What is a second class lever? Example?

A

has an axis of rotation at one end and resistance in the middle
ex. going on tip toes

88
Q

What is a third class lever? Example?

A

has an axis of rotation at one end and effort in the middle
ex. biceps curl

89
Q

What is mechanical advantage?

A

the ratio of the internal moment arm to the external moment arm (leverage)

90
Q

What are the acronyms for levers?

A
  • EAR
  • ARE
  • REA
91
Q

Line of force

A

direction and orientation of a muscle force

92
Q

moment arm

A

perpendicular distance between axis of rotation and the line of force

93
Q

stiffness

A

ratio of stress (force) to strain (elongation) within an elastic material

94
Q

contrast the fundamental difference between kinematics and kinetics

A
  • kinematics describes motion but doesn’t look at or include force/torque
  • kinetics describes motion by examining the impact of the torque/force on the body
95
Q

contrast the difference between force and torque
(use each term to describe an aspect of a muscle’s contraction relative to a joint)

A
  • force is a push or a pull in a straight line that can stop or start a motion
  • torque is a force that occurs in a rotation around an axis
  • a contraction force produced by the elbow flexor muscles can create compression within the elbow joint. the torque produced by the elbow flexor muscles can produce angular acceleration of the elbow which brings your hand to your mouth
96
Q

define and contrast internal and external torque with an example

A
  • internal torque is a torque produced around a joint by an internal force (muscle contracting)
  • external torque is a torque produced around a joint caused by an external force (gravity)
  • when opposing internal and external torques about a joint are equal, the joint is often described as being in static rotary equilibrium. if the internal and external torques were not equal, the joint would accelerate in the direction of the larger torque
97
Q
A

Kines Midterm (1 decks)

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