Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EXTINCTION > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

“Extinction Tales” by Boyle

A

Talks about the extinction of passenger pigeons and other species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

“A Faustian Bargain” by Petsko

A

is a letter to the state university of NY at Albany about the importance of the dpt. of French, Italian, Classics, Russian and Theater Arts because the evolution of culture is passed, humanity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

“Almost All Species are Extinct” by Raup

A

It explains the importance of extinction and the process in the evolutionary tree. Extinction is necessary with Natural Selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gambler’s Ruin and other Problems by Raup

A

Its about the randomness is nature, speciaction, extinction and bio diversity, we have lost almost all the genera that have lived. only 1% remains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

“Extraterrestial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Evolution” by Alvarez et al.

A

it studies the platinum metals and irridium that was abundant of it extraterrestial origin and made the earth go on darknes with dust in the tratosphere, no photosyntesis and there is the extiction of dinosaurs, it was an asteroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

“Periodicity of Extinction in the geologic Past” by Raup and Sepkoski

A

Analyze records on variation in extinction intensity for fossil families of marine vertebrates, invertebrates and protozoas containing 12 events of extinction with maybe a extraterrestial cause.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Anthropology?

A

Is the most humanistic of social sciences and the most scientific of humanities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the sub-fields of anthropology?

A

Cultural
Linguistics
Archaeology
Biological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is evolution?

A

Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. It is changes through time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the mass extinctions?

A 
End Ordovician- 444mya
Late Devonian- 374 mya
End Permian-251 mya
End Triassic- 201.6 mya
End Cretaceous- 65.95 mya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why are Ribosomes important to evolution?

A

Ribozymes are important for life because they can cut off RNA which is a crucial process in DNA replication. Without DNA replication life would cease to exist because none of the species would be able to reproduce.Actually, ribozymes (generally) are RNA that can catalyze a chemical reaction. You described the function of a particular ribozyme (Tetrahymena)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How exactly did carbon levels affect the End Permian?

A

it was that Carbon went into the Oceans, took away the oxygen, and without oxygen the marine life died the original carbon source was actually in the oceans already in the form of frozen methane gas hydrates, They melted, causing a rise in carbon in the atmosphere, Carbon in the atmosphere causes climate change, killing a lot of animal life, Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, meaning it traps heat. More carbon dioxide in the atmosphere = global climate change.
• Frozen gas methane hydrates come from microbial origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference between mode and tempo?

A

Tempo is the speed of extinction and Mode is by what means extinction is occurring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between Bergmann’s rule and Allen’s rule ?

A

Bergmann’s rule suggests that animals with a larger volume relative to their surface area (like the short, stocky Neanderthals) are better at conserving heat/preventing heat loss than animals with smaller volume/more surface area (like tall, lean modern humans). Allen’s rule applies specifically to limb lengths. Animals from colder climates tend to have shorter limbs than animals from hotter climates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Randomly Depauperate?

A

Randomly Depauperate is when during a mass extinction the species that goes extinct is random.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is Adaptively changed?

A

Adaptively changed is when a species adapt to a different kind of world. This normally happens during a press extinction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Sorted?

A

Sorted is when a particular species survives during a mass extinction, i guess because they have some common characteristic that helps them survive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Ecologically reorganized and Ecologically similar?

A

Ecologically reorganized and ecologically similar has to do with how the area of extinction looks after a mass extinction like End Ordovician was ecologically similar because the scenery looked the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What exactly is the FORKHEAD BOX P2 GENE and how does it affect a chimpanzee?

A

The Forkhead Box P2 gene allows for language in chimpanzees, who, like us, have this gene. More specifically, humans and Neanderthals share 2 specific mutations in the FOXP2 gene that differentiates ours from that of a chimp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Diachronic and Synchronic?

A

Diachronic is studying the change of something over a period of time.
Synchronic is studying something at one point in time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the exact definition of grand universals?

A

“Grand universals” is a general way of describing the world using things like universal laws and absolutes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Orthogenesis?

A

Orthogenesis is kind of an example of one. Idea that things are changing toward a final goal and that everybody’s life is on a trajectory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is sexual selection any more dominant/successful than regular natural selection? Or does it depend merely by chance?

A

Sexual selection is one way natural selection operates. Females choose males whose genes they think will produce the most viable offspring then its male on male competition. Sexual selection doesn’t have to be a female selecting a male. In mammals it’s pretty much females choosing males, but there are multiple cases of it being opposite in other taxa like some birds and frogs and fish.
females choice
depends on males variety of skills and achievements along with physical fitness to his environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is pulse and press?

A

Pulse is when extinction happens suddenly. Press is when extinction happens gradually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define Anagenesis and Cladogenesis

A
  • In anagenesis, it’s that fuzzy boundary where taxonomists have to decide when species A went extinct in its evolution into species B
  • Anagenesis → one species evolves over time
  • Cladogenesis → splitting. pattern of common ancestor giving rise to daughter species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is to be fitness?

A

• Survival of the fittest

Those who survive long enough to reproduce and pass down their genes are considered successful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the chemicals of the primordial soup?

A

• Primordial Soup is the theory of the origin of life on Earth based on the chemicals: Methane, Ammonia, Water, Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbon Dioxide, and Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the vendian/ediacaran explosion?

A

• Vendian/Ediacaran Explosion is when an there was explosive radiation and this period in time, Ediacaran, had the most different and diverse type of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Whats is epistemology?

A

• Epistemology is the study of knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Niche?

A

• Niche: Animals ecological address ex: what kind of food does the organism need? Shelter? Predators? Habitat? What does the animal eat…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do we refer to CAMP?

A

• CAMP - is the breakup of Pangea where you can see the separation of the near end Triassic and the beginning of Jurassic. Specifically, it stands for Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. It’s where Africa and the Americas split, forming the Atlantic Ocean at the end of the Triassic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does Gamblers Ruin from Raup suggests?

A

• Gamblers Ruin states that after a while of randomness, there is bound to be a long string of “bad”. Idea of gambling: winning and losing constantly, and after a while, you just constantly lose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is evolution?

A

• Evolution is change through time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the Scientific Method Process

A
  • The Scientific Method:
  • The Observation
  • Hypothesis
  • Prediction
  • Test of Hypothesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Historical Particularism?

A

Historical Particularism: Each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past.

36
Q

What is cultural particularism?

A

Cultural Particularism: Each society should be studied in itself, without trying to explain it or compare it to others.

37
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

Environmental Determinism: The physical environment sets limits on human environment.

38
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Cultural Relativism: Be non-judgmental, understanding of cultural traditions and customs.

39
Q

What is cultural variation?

A

Cultural Variation: Environmental determinism vs. Cultural and History or Physical environment vs. History of migration and the diffusion of ideas.

40
Q

What where the major contributions of Boas?

A
  • Empiricism( with skepticism of attempts to formulate “scientific laws” of culture.
  • Ethnographic fieldwork is essential
  • Cultural relativism as a methodological tool while conducting fieldwork
41
Q

What were Malthus observations?

A

1 Obs: Populations intrinsically grow exponentially
2 Obs: Resources are limited.
Inference 1: There will then result “a struggle for existence”…..
3 Obs: Variation abounds
4 Obs: Traits are heritable
Inference 2
· Individuals with favorable traits will have an advantage over others without those traits.
· Those that survive will produce more offspring.
· Survival is dependent on context

42
Q

What is extinction?

A

· Extinction – from the adjective extinct meaning no longer living or existing, no longer active or burning
· Extinct – from the Latin verb exstinguere meaning to extinguish
· Extinction occurs whenever a biological species is permanently lost.
· Operationally, happens when last individual of species dies.

43
Q

Define Species and the difference of Speciation

A

· A group of organisms that interbreeds and produces VIABLE offspring that are capable of REPRODUCING.
· Members are reproductively isolated from other organisms.
· Speciation: new species are produced from earlier ones.

44
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

Reproductive Isolation species :a group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are isolated reproductively from other populations.

45
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

Adaptive Radiation: When a species or related group of species rapidly expands and diversifies into new ecological niches.

46
Q

define the unit of extinction

A

The “unit of extinction” is the species

We observe adaptive radiations and the disappearance of major groups

47
Q

What can we determine as life?

A

Metabolism: chemical reactions needed to maintain life
Catabolism : break stuff down to get energy
Anabolism : construct proteins, nucleic acids
growth : things get bigger, cells divide→ allows you to create different structures

48
Q

Define Leslie Orgel’s concept of CITROENS

A 
Complex
Information-producing
TRansforming
Objects, that
Evolve by
Natural Selection
49
Q

How can we get CITROENS?

A

-To get CITROENS, we need

REPLICATION+ HERITABILITY

50
Q

describe the beginning of life

A

· Life begins, Archean Eon, ~3.7 Ba, the month of May
· Dinosaurs roam the Earth, Mesozoic Era, December 15 to December 26
· 13.7 Billion Years Ago: Big Bang
· Solar System :4.57 Billion Years Ago
· Giant Impact and Formation of the Moon : 4.53 Billion Years Ago
· Late Heavy Bombardment :4.1 - 3.8 Billion Years Ago
· Oldest Datable Rocks on Earth :4.031 ± 0.003 Billion Years Ago
· Oldest Geological Evidence of Life : Stromatolites at 3.5 Billion Years Ago
· Flowering Plants :140 - 132 mya Early Cretaceous

51
Q

END ORDOVICIAN

A

End Ordovician – 444 mya
· Ordovician lasts from 488 to 444 Ma
· 86% of species
· 61% genera
· 22-24% families
· 2/3 brachiopods and bryozoans
• Brachiopods are convergent with bivalves, but have a different plane of bilateral symmetry
• Bryozoans formed reefs, would have created sufficient environments for many different organisms
· ~ 100 families of marine life
• Marine only, no land plants
• · 2nd largest in overall loss of life
· 2 pulses 0.5 to 1 my apart

52
Q

LATE DEVONIAN

A

Late Devonian Extinction~374 mya
o Brachiopods, trilobites and reef-building organisms
o May have been caused primarily in sea level changes and ocean anoxia
o Most agnathans (jawless fish)

53
Q

END PERMIAN

A

End Permian Extinction “The Mother of All Extinctions”
• 95% of marine species
• 70% of land families
• 57% of insect families (only mass extinction to really hit insects)
• plants relatively immune to extinction but a major ecological reorganization of plant life
• Carbon sinks and sources have fingerprints
• The ratio Carbon-13/Carbon-12
• Volcanic gases low in C12 or -12 to 8‰
• Plants rich in C12 or -33 to -24‰
• Frozen methane gas hydrates in cold deep ocean very high in C12 (microbial origin) or -60 ‰

54
Q

END TRIASSIC

A

End Triassic~201.6 mya

o 76% of all marine and terrestrial species
o Allowed dinosaurs to assume dominant role in Jurassic period
o All conodonts
o Many kinds of reptiles and amphibians
o Redondosaurus goes extinct
§ Relative of modern crocodiles and alligators
o Around the end Triassic that the central atlantic magmatic province (CAMP); remnants of this are basalts

55
Q

END CRETACEOUS

A

End Cretaceous~65.95 mya

o Crater caused by meteor
o All non-avian dinosaurs
o ¾ of plant and animal species

56
Q

What is periodicity?

A

• Periodicity is the recurrence of events (extinctions) in intervals

57
Q

What does periodicity imply?

A
  • Not random

* Implies some sort of causal mechanism for fluctuation of population

58
Q

Why is periodicity significant?

How can we recognize periodicity?

A

• 26 million year periodicity - Raup and Sepkowski
Key events in Human Evolution
· Possible fusion of bacteria and archaea leading to eukaryotes
· The advent of bipedalism (an adaptation)
· The human-chimp-gorilla split (cladogenesis)
· Shifting dietary strategies (adaptation)
· Rampant splitting (cladogenesis)
· Tool use (adaptation)
· Globe spanning migration (consequence of adaptation?)
· Dramatic brain expansion (adaptation)
· Language (a major transition)
· The great winnowing (I think were alone now

59
Q

What is the Turnover-Pulse Model?

A
  1. Periodic disturbance - Climate
  2. Extinction (possibly specialists) - Some species survive
  3. Speciation (possibly new specialists) - New species adapt
    Some notes from guest lectures:
    (add or correct some information)
60
Q

Why save primates?

A 
•	Reason #1
-Humans are primates
-our closest relatives
-3% difference between chimpanzee
•	Reason #2
-600 species of primates
-Tropical Rain forests
-Saving Primate habitats = saving the tropics
-Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, Congo (Biodiversity)
•	Reason #3
-Flagship Species: important to health of tropical ecosystem such as “seed dispersers”
•	Reason #4
-Most threatened mammal
•	Reason #5
-Habitat loss: Deforestation, Surface mining, hunting, medicinal uses.
-Bushmeat
61
Q

In a paper published in Science, in May 2010,
Svante Paabo and his team advocated what can
be described as the ________________ model
of modern human origins.
A. “competitive exclusion”
B. “multiregional evolution”
C. “leaky replacement”
D. “out of Africa”

A

C

62
Q

Henry Gee, distinguished long-time editor of Nature, offers the following to help describe hominin diversity:

a) the metaphor of a well-groomed Victorian era hedgerow
b) a yew bush
c) a mangrove tree
d) an eight-foot Kaptar pole-dancing to Earth, Wind, and Fire

A

D

63
Q

Neanderthals possibly survived as late as ___________ years ago in a refugium in southernmost Europe according to Clive Finlayson and colleagues.

a) 18,000
b) 24,000
c) 28,000
d) 32,000
e) 45,000

A

C

64
Q

The article by Banks et al suggests that Neanderthals disappeared

a) because of competition with modern humans
b) due to climate change
c) after interbreeding with modern humans
d) as a result of violent confrontations with modern humans

A

A

65
Q

Delta C13 values of -60 ‰ suggest a carbon source that was:

a) volcanic in origin
b) from plant parts
c) microbial in origin
d) from atmospheric methane

A

C

66
Q

The paper by Bin Amoz, Elder and Potter from 2011 concludes that:

a) passenger pigeons are a good candidate for de-extinction
b) advocates the introduction of African lions to the American West
c) unicorns went extinct due to a catastrophic flood
d) implicates global climate change in amphibian extinction

A

C

67
Q

According to ‘Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and A Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction”, contributed to extinction of Australian megafauna by:

a) overhunting
b) setting fires
c) the introduction of cats and dogs
d) the introduction of new diseases
e) deforestation

A

B

68
Q

Millankovitch Cycles

A

Orbital shape – 100 ky cycle
Axial tilt – 41 ky cycle
Axial precession – 26 ky cycle

69
Q

What is the cyclicity of the earth’s axial tilt?

a) 100,000 years
b) 41,000 years
c) 26,000 years

A

B

70
Q

What hominin was found in East Africa with very big chewing muscles?

a) Homo ergaster
b) Homo rudolfensis
c) Homo habilis
d) Paranthropus boisei
e) Homo erectus

A

D

71
Q

What is Lazarus taxa

A

When a species is believed to be extinct and appears again

72
Q

cosmopolitan vs endemic taxa

A

the greater the size of geographic range is the less the chances of extinction

73
Q

Specialist vs generalist

A

the less niche specialization is less chances of extinction

74
Q

sterotopic vs eurytopic

A

Sterotopic have no tolerance an eurytopic can tolerate wide range of habitats

75
Q

tropical vs high latitude

A

the less latitude the less chances of extinction

76
Q

species that lived during the same time

A

paranthropus boisei: big chewer
homo ergaster: big brain
Homoabilities and Homonedofensis: relience on tree climbing

77
Q

How and from who we evolved?

A

homo ergaster, we evolved as a pseudo extinction

78
Q

What is a Neanderthal?

A
  • population archaic restricted to europe with species in greater variation
  • distinctive looking
  • morphologial difference
  • geographic identity
79
Q

Linkagedisequilibrium

A

Cut the DNA. we had interbreeding with neanderthals 8,99 thousand in the lav ant.

80
Q

the period the neanderthals lived

A

> 130,000 - 30,000 ya Upper Pleistocene

81
Q

Describe the “out of africa model”

A
  1. transformation of one isolated african archaic population into modern humans
  2. the origin of modern humans is a speciation event
  3. no gene flow between archaic populations
  4. extinction and replacement of archaic by modern humans
  5. no regional continuity between archaic and moderns
82
Q

Describe the “multiregionalism model”

A
  1. transformation of archaic populations into Modern Humans throughout africa and euroasia
  2. the origin of modern humans may not be a speciation event
  3. extensive gene flow between archaics and moderns
  4. minimal extinction of archaic population
  5. regional continuity in morphology between modern and archaic
83
Q

Neanderthals vs. Human Cranial Morphology

A
  1. Similar Brain size but different cranial shape:
    a. Neanderthals: lower, long cranial vault with receding torehead with occipital bun and mid facial projection. with shorter neck
    b. Humans: Shorter, higher cranial vaults and chin with more vertical forehead
84
Q

Alternative Neanderthal’s Taxonomy

A

Distinct Species from humans: Homo Neanderthals

Distinct Sub species of Homo Sapiens: Homo sapiens neanderthals

85
Q

Neanderthals vs. Human Body Morphology

A

Neanderthals: short and stocky with powerfully muscular and robust skeleton
Humans: taller and leaner with less muscular and more gracile skeleton

86
Q

A distinctive cultural evidence from Neanderthals

A

they are the first hominid to bury their dead as a ritual

EXTINCTION (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions