Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
One of the principal laboratory instruments in any biological science subject.
A
Microscope
2
Q
Microscope Part: Metal Parts of the Microscope
A
Mechanical Parts
3
Q
Mechanical Part: The foot of the microscope for support.
A
Base
4
Q
Mechanical Part: Part connecting the base to the other parts of the microscope.
A
Pillar
5
Q
Mechanical Part: Point where a screw is placed at the side of the pillar for tilting the microscopes. This part is missing in some modern microscopes with tilted draw tubes.
A
Inclination Joint
6
Q
Mechanical Part: Platform attached to the lower portion of the arm. Area where the slide with the specimen is placed.
A
Stage
7
Q
Mechanical Part: Curved structure connecting the lower and upper parts of the microscope. This also serves as a handle in carrying the microscope.
A
Arm
8
Q
Mechanical Part: A big cylindrical structure which allows a considerable distance bet. the lenses of the ocular or eyepiece and objectives.
A
Body Tube
9
Q
Mechanical Part: A smaller tube which holds the eyepiece or ocular lens.
A
Draw Tube
10
Q
Mechanical Part: A circular structure attached to the area below the body tube that protects the objectives from dust.
A
Dustshield
11
Q
Mechanical Part: Holds the slide in place.
A
Stage Clips
12
Q
Mechanical Part: The bigger wheel of the 2 knobs at one side of the arm. This is used to move the body tube up and down. In new models of microscopes, the stage is the one moved up and down. In new models, the stage is the one moved up and down. The screw is also used to focus the general image of the image under the LPO.
A
Coarse Adjustment Knob
13
Q
Mechanical Part: The smaller screw in the arm which is used when focusing the detailed portion of the object under the HPO.
A
Fine Adjustment Knob
14
Q
Mechanical Part: Holds the objective lenses. Allows the shifting of the objective lenses.
A
Revolving Nosepiece
15
Q
These are the magnifying parts of the microscope bearing the lenses.
A
Optical Parts
16
Q
Optical Part: Lens found at the opening of the draw tube. This magnifies the secondary image of the object. Magnification varies from 5x to 15x.
A
Eyepiece or ocular
17
Q
Optical Part: Magnify the primary image of the specimen or object.
A
Objectives
18
Q
Optical Part: With 4x-10x magnification, the object is seen in its general view.
A
Low Power Objective (LPO)
19
Q
Optical Part: Has greater magnification than LPO, 40x-60x. Gives a more detailed magnification or image than the LPO.
A
High Power Objective (HPO)
20
Q
Optical Part: 90x-100x, gives a more detailed image than the HPO. Used when examining bacteria or microorganisms. Uses a special oil like cedar wood oil.
A
Oil Immersion Objective (OIO)
21
Q
Parts for the supply of light.
A
Illuminating Parts
22
Q
Illuminating Part: Attached to the pillar and is seen just below the stage.
A
Mirror
23
Q
Illuminating Part: Regulates the amount of light needed to obtain a clearer view of the object.
A
Iris Diaphragm
24
Q
Illuminating Part: A lens system which concentrate light rays upon the object.
A
Abbe Condenser
25
Total Magnification
Tm= ocular x objectives
26
- From the Latin word, “scientia”, which means knowledge
- It is a systematized body of knowledge that is based from
facts and observations
Science
27
*Verify a FACT
*Investigate a PHENOMENON
*Discover a KNOWLEDGE
Scientific Method
28
* To NOTICE something
* Any SENSORY EXPERIENCE that causes the scientist to think
and ask a question
* Receiving knowledge of the outside world through our senses
Observation
29
WHAT: to know the FACTORS involved
* HOW: to know the PROCESS to be done
* WHY: to know the REASON about the phenomenon. This a question which is related to the observation.
Identification of the Problem.
30
It is considered as a tentative answer to the problem, since its validity has to be tested and verified.
Formulation of the Hypothesis
31
This is designed to know the validity of the hypothesis. This can be done in the laboratory room with the use of laboratory materials, but this is not always the case, because a simple interview with concerned individuals can be considered a form of
Experimentation
32
This is the result pf the experiment. It confirms the validity of the hypothesis, which determines whether it is accepted or not. It is therefore considered as the correct answer to the problem.
Conclusion
33
Structural and functional unit of life.
Cell
34
Who discovered the presence of cube-like spaces in corks and other plant structures and named them cells.
Robert Hooke
35
Using the microscope he made, he observed the bacteria in various body fluids, water, and pepper infusions.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
36
A botanist who concluded that all organisms consist of cells and cell parts.
Matthias Schleiden
37
A zoologist who concluded that all organisms consist of cells and cell parts.
Theodor Schwann
38
Science that deals with the structures and function of the cell.
Cytology
39
Type of cell: Can be single-celled or multicellular. Has a nucleus and organelles.
Eukaryote
40
Type of cell: Unicellular. Oldest cell type. Lacks nucleus and other organelles.
Prokaryote
41
Also known as plasma membrane. A selectively permeable membrane composed of one bilipid layer between two monolayers of protein and carbohydrates intercalating between the lipids and the proteins.
Cell Membrane
42
These are projections that increase the absorptive function of the membrane.
Microvilli
43
The infoldings or invaginations of the cell membrane, function of which is not only to increase the absorptive capacity of the cell surface but also to help cell take in food substances.
Pinocytic Vesicles
44
The living substance of the cell. Made up of organic and inorganic compounds as well as nucleic acids.
Cytoplasm
45
Considered as the circulatory system of the cell concerned with intracellular transport.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
46
2 Kinds of ER: Agranular endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
47
2 Kinds of ER: Also called the granular endoplasmic reticulum because its membrane is lined with ribosomes that are necessary in protein synthesis.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
48
Spherical granules found either attached to the ER or distributed in the cytoplasm performing protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
49
Cellular structures in the transport of substance to and from the cells.
Golgi Apparatus or Dictyosomes
50
Powerhouse of the cell. Double-walled or rod-shaped structures with inside folds known as cristae which increase the surface for energy production.
Mitochondria
51
Suicide Bags. Contain enzymes that can digest cell components such as foreign bodies like bacteria.
Lysosomes
52
They are present only in animal cells and primitive plants which are important in cell division.
Centrosomes and centrioles
53
Spaces capable of storing food and the contractile___ for expelling wastes.
Vacuoles
54
Rounded structure at the center of the cell. Controls the metabolic activities.
Nucleus
55
Double-layered membrane arising from the plasma membrane enclosing the nucleoplasm. Regulates the movement of materials in and out of the nucleus.
Nuclear Membrane
56
The protoplasm of the nucleus in which the chromosomes and other materials are suspended.
Nucleoplasm
57
They are the darkly staining structures containing the genes in the nucleus of the cell.
Chromatin Materials
58
The spherical body at the periphery of the nucleus needed for ribosomal synthesis.
Nucleolus
59
Tile-like cells usually for protection, found at the outer layer of the skin and used as lining of other organs.
Squamous Cells
60
Cells w/ equal sides. Usually observed in the kidney tubules.
Cuboidal Cells
61
Tube-like cells found lining the digestive tract for absorption.
Columnar Cells
62
Star-like cells for nerve-impulse conduction.
Stellate Cells
63
Irregularly shaped cells of WBC due to amoebic and phagocytic action
Amorphous Cells
64
Nearly rounded cells of the RBC of the frog.
Oval Cells
65
Cells of the smooth muscle of visceral organs.
Fusiform
66
Many-sided liver cells.
Polygonal
67
Cells found in the bones.
Spider-like
68
Represented by sperm cells
Thread-like
69
Cells making up the bulk of the body
Somatic Cells
70
Reproductive cells
Germinal Cells
71
The replication and division of the nucleus
Mitosis or Karyokinesis
72
Division of the cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
73
- Chromosomes are observed to be long, thin, coiled filaments known as the chromatids.
- Chromosomes observed to have the identical strands held together by centromere.
- Chromatids become shorter and thicker because of the coiling of the unit fiber.
- Nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus disappears.
Prophase
74
- Chromosomes with centromeres attached to the spindle fibers are arranged at the center or equatorial plate of the cell.
Metaphase
75
Centromeres equally divide and thus attached chromosomes migrate towards the opposite poles.
Anaphase
76
Chromosomes loosen or lengthen until a thread-like appearance is assumed. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear.
Telophase
77
Initial stage in which the chromosomes replicate; characterized by the highest degree of metabolic activity.
Interphase
78
Invagination as ring contracts
Cleavage Furrow
79
Band of cytoskeletal fibers
Contractile Ring
80
The process by which cells contracts and pinches of cell into 2
Contractile Cytokinesis
81
Groups of cell similar or different shapes performing specific function.
Tissues
82
Science which deals with the structure and functions of the tissues.
Histology
83
Tissues mainly used to cover the entire body as well as internal structures and cavities. Used for sensation absorption, excretion, and secretion.
Epithelial Tissues
84
Single layer of cells
Simple
85
2 or more layers of cells
Stratified
86
Only one layer of cell
Simple Epithelium
87
Consists of a single layer of flattened scale-like cells
Simple Squamous
88
Consists of a layer of cube-like cells. Cuboidal cells are cells having similar width and length as ice cubes.
Simple Cuboidal
89
Layer of columnar cells described as elongated cells. May be found with cilia or flagella.
Simple Columnar
90
Type of epithelial tissue with columnar cells which appear to be arranged in more than 1 layer because they have been altered by pressure.
Pseudo-stratified
91
Consists of more than 1 layer of cells.
Stratified Epithelium
92
Several layers of squamous cells
Stratified Squamous
93
Many layers of cuboidal cells
Stratified Cuboidal
94
2 or more layers of columnar cells
Stratified Columnar
95
Tissue with balloon-like cells subjected to contraction and stretching. The cells are observed as transitions bet. squamous and columnar cells.
Transitional Epithelium
96
Tissues with function of which is to bind and support other tissues and organs together.
Connective Tissue
97
Tissue composed of cells and interconnected fibrils.
Reticular Connective Tissue
98
Cells and Fibers observed to be occupying the intercellular spaces.
Fibrous Connective Tissue
99
Fibrous Connective Tissue Fiber: white, wavy, unbranched bundle of fibers.
Collagenous
100
Fibrous Connective Tissue Fiber: yellow, straight or bent, branching fibers
Elastic
101
Large, rounded cells containing fats.
Adipose
102
Called a soft bone.
Cartilage
103
Cartilage Type: translucent connective tissue w/o fibers.
Hyaline Cartilage
104
Cartilage Type: contains yellow branching fibers.
Elastic Cartilage
105
Cartilage Type: Collagenous unbranched fibers observed to be occupying the tissue.
Fibrocartilage
106
Contains calcified intercellular substances.
Bone or osseus tissue
107
Contain fibers surrounded by a membrane called sarcolemma. These muscle fibers have minute fibers called myofibrils.
Muscular Tissue
108
Fluid or liquid tissue with cells used to distribute body materials.
Blood
109
Hemoglobin. These cells transport oxygenated blood.
Red Blood Cells/ Erythrocytes/ Corpuscles
110
Soldier of the body. Capable of phagocytosis, pseudopodia, and diapedesis.
White Blood Cells/ Leucocytes
111
Important in blood clotting.
Thrombocytes or blood platelets
112
Tissue receiving and transmitting impulse. Has cells called neurons and extensions, the dendrite and the axon.
Nervous Tissue
113
Body structures formed by several groups of tissues performing specific functions.
Organs
114
Science which deals with the study of organs.
Organology
115
Tubes for the passageway of blood.
Blood vessel
116
Thick-walled blood vessel which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the different parts of the body.
Artery
117
Thin-walled blood vessel which carries unoxygenated blood from the different parts of the body to the heart.
Veins
118
Small blood vessels interconnecting veins and arteries.
Capillaries
119
Layer of Blood Vessel: the outermost layer w/ loose connective tissues.
Tunica adventitia (Tunica externa)
120
Layer of Blood Vessel: middle layer w/ smooth muscle cells
Tunica media
121
Layer of Blood Vessel: innermost layer with elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells.
Tunica intima (Tunica interna)
122
Layer of Blood Vessel: layer of squamous cells, lining the central cavity of the blood vessels, known as the lumen.
Endothelium
123
Serves mainly for protection, but also for respiration and water absorption.
Skin
124
Layer of Skin: outer or superficial layer w/ squamous cells capable of molting or shedding off of the skin.
Stratum Corneum
125
Layer of Skin: consists of columnar cells. Contains chromatophores for skin pigmentation.
Stratum germinativum (Stratum malpighii)
126
Layers of Dermis: made up of loose connective tissues.
Stratum laxum (stratum spongiosum)
127
Layers of Dermis: compactly arranged connective tissue fibers.
Stratum compactum
128
Long coiled tube of the digestive tract where final digestion and absorption of food take place.
Small intestine
129
Layers of Villi: visceral peritoneum covering the gastro-intestinal tract.
Tunica serosa
130
Layers of Villi: layer of smooth muscles divided into
a. stratum longitudinale- outer layer of longitudinal muscle fibers
b. stratum circulare- thicker inner layer of muscle fibers
Tunica muscularis
131
Layers of Villi: layer of connective tissue w/ blood vessels and nerves.
Tela submucosa
132
Layers of Villi: composed of simple columnar epithelium lining the cavity of the organ, the lumen. Contains goblet cells that secrete intestinal juice for digestion.
Tunica mucosa
133
J-shaped digestive organ where partial digestion of food takes place.
Stomach
134
Layers of the stomach: layer bet. serosa and muscularis.
Tunica subserosa
135
Layers of the stomach: found in innermost submucosa, contains longitudinal muscle fibers.
Muscularis mucosa
136
Layers of the stomach: layer bet. mucosa and tunica mucosa.
Tunica propia
137
Largest gland of the body secreting bile.
Liver
138
smaller cavity lined w/ cuboidal cells
Bile duct
139
Thick-walled, small, round structures
Arterioles
140
Very small cavity with fewer cuboidal cells
Bile capillary
141
The main excretory organ which functions greatly to remove nitrogenous wastes through uriniferous tubules. Bean shaped.
Kidney
142
The gonads which produce gametes or sex cells.
Reproductive Organs
143
female gonad which is a sac-like structure containing round bodies of various sizes.
Ovary
144
Male gonad, mainly composed of seminiferous tubules covered by the outer visceral peritoneum.
Testes
145
Connected to the brain and enclosed in the vertebral column.
Spinal cord
