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Site Reclamation > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

0
Q

What are Tier guidelines?

A

A list of acceptable levels for a series of potentially toxic materials in Alberta.

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1
Q

Define Remediation

A

Removal or neutralization of all chemical substances from the surface or subsurface.

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2
Q

Define Reclamation.

A

Stabilization, contouring, maintenance, reconstruction and revegetation of the surface of the land.

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3
Q

Define Decommissioning

A

Permanent closure of a facility followed by the dismantling of equipment, buildings and structure plus reclamation.

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4
Q

What are the benefits in conducting an Environmental Site Assessment prior to selling?

A
  • Increased resale value
  • You know what your responsible for
  • Contaminants can be cleaned up
  • Buyer is informed before buying, including liabilities
  • Protect the company’s image
  • Ensure compliance with laws and regulations
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5
Q

How many Phases are there in a full Environmental Site Assessment?

A

Five

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7
Q

What is involved in a Phase I ESA?

A
  • Collection of existing information
  • Evaluate site’s current and historical land use.
  • Estimate the likelihood that contamination is present
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8
Q

Explain a Phase I ESA

A

The preliminary step involved with an ESA. It is always done, even if it is not written as it’s own stand alone report. It is a non-intrusive report.

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9
Q

Explain Phase II in an ESA

A

The next step if Phase I proves worth continuing. The intrusive level of data collection.

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10
Q

What does Phase II in an ESA attempt to determine?

A
  • The types of contaminants
  • How much contamination there is
  • Source of contamination
  • Lateral and Vertical extent of the contamination
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11
Q

Explain a Phase III ESA.

A

The “solution phase”. Develop an remedation plan, set goals, create an action plan, implement and monitor.

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12
Q

Explain a Phase IV ESA.

A

“Regulatory Closure”. Regulator agrees that the site can be returned to its future or former land use. (Reclamation Certificate)

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13
Q

What is a Reclamation Certificate?

A

A certificate from the regulator stating that this site can now be returned to its future or former land use.

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14
Q

Explain a Phase V ESA.

A

Follow up and on-going monitoring.

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15
Q

What are the 4 sections to a Phase I ESA?

A
  1. Records Review
  2. Site Visit
  3. Interviews
  4. Reporting/Evaluation
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16
Q

What are Saline Soils?

A

Soils that contain enough soluble salts to adversely impact plant growth.

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17
Q

What’s the problem with Saline Soils.

A

Plants allow water into thin roots accross a semi-permeable membrane. This process relies on a concentration gradient between the fluid inside the root and in the soil water. If the concentration of salt in the soil in the soil is too high, water and nutrients cannot move into the plant roots.

18
Q

What are Sodic Soils?

A

Soils that contain exchangeable sodium which does not bind as closely to the clay particles. the clay particles disperse because they retain their net negative charge. Exchangeable sodium is the main ion that causes this.

19
Q

What are some results from clay dispersal related to sodic soils?

A
  • makes soils less permeable
  • Fewer and smaller spaces for soil gases
  • water movement is restricted
  • surface soils can become dry and crusty
  • water availability for plants is reduced
20
Q

What is meant by Saline-Sodic Soils?

A

Soils with a high concentration of exchangeable Na but also high concentrations of other ion types. Saline conditions counteract the impact of Na on soil and clay particle do not disperse. However, there is not enough salt to adversely impact plant growth.

21
Q

What are some field observations that would indicate salt contamination?

A
  • White, crusty surface
  • Dead, stressed, missing vegetation
  • Healthy adult vegetation but no seedlings because they cannot push through the crust.
22
Q

What does SAR refer to?

A

Sodium Adsorption Ratio

23
Q

What are the indicated classifications of soils after calculating the SAR?

A

Soil EC SAR
Normal 4 13
Saline-Sodic >4 >13

24
Q

What are the options for dealing with salt contamination?

A
  • Leave the system alone and allow Natural precipitate to leech the salts from the soil.
  • Flush the soil with irrigation water to accelerate the leaching of salts from the rooting zone.
  • Flush the soils with irrigation water and capture the leachate.
  • Add an amendment to supply Ca to the soil to displace Na. (gypsum, Calcium Nitrate, or sulphuric acid)
25
Q

What is Equivalent Land Capability?

A

The ability of the land to support uses after reclamation similar to the ability prior to development.

26
Q

What are the 5 land types found in Alberta?

A
  1. Agricultural
  2. Residential/Parkland
  3. Natural
  4. Industrial
  5. Commercial
27
Q

What is Decommissioning?

A

The permanent closure of a facility followed by the dismantling of equipment, buildings and structures plus reclamation.

28
Q

What are Tier I guidelines?

A

Acceptable levels for a series of potentially toxic materials.

29
Q

What are Tier II guidelines?

A

When the assumption at the site do not match the assumptions that were used to develop the tier I guidelines. Adjustments are made to the tier I guidelines based on specific conditions at the site. the acceptable limits could become more or less restrictive.

30
Q

What are Tier III Guidelines?

A

Site specific risk assessment

31
Q

What are the soil particle size classifications according the to Tiered Approach?

A 
Fine = less then or equal to 75um
Coarse = greater than 75um
32
Q

What are the main types of contaminated sites that can be encountered?

A
  • Agricultural
  • Thermal facilities and Incinerators
  • Automotive repair and maintenance
  • Dry cleaning
  • Landfills
  • Oil and Gas
  • Snow storage
  • Nuclear
33
Q

What are the main types of contamination from chemicals that can be found in Alberta?

A
  1. Soil contamination

2. Groundwater contamination

34
Q

List and briefly describe the potential impacts to people as a result of contamination.

A
  • Mortality - Death
  • Cancer and Mutation
  • Neurological and Behavioral
  • Delayed Effects from Toxin Exposure
35
Q

What are the liabilities that corporations are exposed to as a result of the site contamination?

A
  • Clean-up costs
  • Fines
  • Negative Publicity
36
Q

Why might some find the liabilities might be unjustified?

A
  • Unforeseen Effects
  • Transfer of Ownership
  • Followed local Regulations
37
Q

What are the sections included in a Phase I Report?

A
  • Title Page
  • Executive Summary
  • Table of Contents
  • Introduction
  • Site Description
  • Records Review
  • Site Visit
  • Interviews
  • Findings
  • Conclusion and Recommendations
  • Limitations
  • References
  • Signature of Professional and Qualifications
  • Appendices
38
Q

What are some sources of Salt contamination in Alberta?

A
  • Geological formations
  • Transportation
  • Naturally Saline Soils
  • Manufacturing processes
39
Q

List the information required to develop remediation options for a site contaminated by salts.

A
  • Background control information
  • Information about groundwater
  • Information about soils
  • Landscape
40
Q

Define Ecological Restoration.

A

A more general term used to describe the process of bringing the ecological system back to its former or original state.

Site Reclamation (2 decks)

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