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Psychology of the Mind and Body > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What were some of the early ideas for mind/body dualism?

A

spiritual causes; plato thought it was in the head, aristotle in the heart, and hippocrates theorized humors; chinese naturalistic approach to health: emphasis on balance; middle ages: moved from naturalistic back to spiritual

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2
Q

What were some of the early influences towards mind/body dualism?

A

invention of the microscope; Rene Descartes; biomedical model

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3
Q

Reductionistic

A

doctrine that illness is best understood at the level of physics and chemistry

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4
Q

Biomedical Model

A

medical model emphasizing the separation of mind and body and the physical causation of disease

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5
Q

Mind Body Dualism

A

doctrine that the mind and body are two separate entities with only limited interaction

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6
Q

Some of the failures of the biomedical model

A

does not account for the whole illness; critically depends on input from the patient; ignores life situations on the persons health; fails to account for the person return to health

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7
Q

General System Theory

A

nature is best understood in terms of a hierarchy of systems in which each system is simulataneously composed of smaller subsystems and part of larger more encompassing sys.; each sys. is at the same time both a whole and a par; avoids reductionism; bridges mind and body

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8
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

sys approach to illness that emphasizes the interconnectedness of mind and body and the importance of understanding disease at all levels

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9
Q

Placebo

A

treatment with no action specific for the condition being treated but that is used for its nonspecific effects

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10
Q

Physicalism

A

only matter and energy exists in the universe

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11
Q

Objectivism

A

investigate empirical facts in an objective manner

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12
Q

Mind-Body Identity Theory

A

nothing but electrical impulses and chemical reactions

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13
Q

Eliminativism

A

mental world is an illusion

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14
Q

Emergent Realism

A

mental is inseperable from brain

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15
Q

Double Blind

A

has to have both both the person receiving and giving the medicine to not know what is a placebo and what is not

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16
Q

Materialist View

A

matter is all that exists

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17
Q

Rene Decartes

A

bodies in his view are machines that function in accordance with the law of physics, but minds are expempt from those laws because they are not physical; basically said that mind and body are separate and do not affect each other

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18
Q

Industrial revolution lead to…

A

the body being seen as a biological machine

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19
Q

What is the “hard problem” of consciousness?

A

why and how subjective inner experiences arise from physical processes in the brain

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20
Q

What is the dominant scientific view?

A

materialism

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21
Q

Placebo

A

our ability to heal ourselves or allieviate pain by simply believing in the treatment whether or not its is “real”; it seems the more firmly we believe in a particular treatment the more likely it is that the treatment will work

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22
Q

Nocebo Effect

A

unpleasant and even life threatning symptoms that can follow the administration of a fake treatment

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23
Q

How are placebos used in medicine?

A

drugs trials use placebos and a new drug must out perform the placebo

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24
Q

What may affect the effectiveness of a placebo?

A

size, color, attitude of doctor, the setting, socail context, persons belief etc

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25
Q

What is the “key” in Levin’s view when it comes to post modern medicine?

A

moving from separating mind and body to them affecting each other

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26
Q

What do you consider to be the most important concepts/themes/ideas presented by Levin?

A

taking mind and body into account when treating; fine tuning self awarenss to help with health and healing; knowing how you feel; lived experience; bod awareness; experienced meaning; lived experience and how it affects health/illness; medicines success does not depend on only advances in medical knowledge it also depends on the ability to fine tune their body awareness

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27
Q

Neurofeedback

A

a type of biofeedback; a retraining process in which individuals use real time information about their body’s responses 9such as heart rhythm or muscular tension) to learn how to change aspects of their own physical functions and improve health and performance; uses EEG measurements (electroencephalography) and electrodes

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28
Q

What is the goal of neurofeedback?

A

to learn to control electrical activity

29
Q

What are the types of brain waves?

A

delta waves, theta waves, alpha waves, beta waves and gamma waves

30
Q

Delta Waves

A

.5-4 Hz; slowest; produced while sleeping; take place during our deepest, usually dreamless stages of sleep, allowing the brain to restore itself

31
Q

Theta Waves

A

daydreamy; typically occurs during deep metitation (but not the only wave that can occur or increase during or as a result of consistent meditation); 4-8 Hz; occurs when daydreaming or drifting off to sleep; more realzed and thinking move more freely boosting creativity and intution

32
Q

Alpha Waves

A

procudes during states of relaxation; such as colroing can shift from beta (stressted) to alpha waves (relaxed); 8-12 Hz; default state when our mind is idle; we are physcially and mentally relaxed such as when practicing yoga or reading

33
Q

Beta Waves

A

produced when we are problem solving; an excess of beta waves can be seen in individuals who are feeling stressed, anxious, or other states of heightened energy; 12-32 Hz; operating at high frequencies; involved with logical thinking, accomplishing tasks and when we are socializing with others

34
Q

Gamma Waves

A

fastest; associated with higher mental activity and heightened states of consciousness such as hyper awareness, focus, and transcendental experiences; rarest; 32-100 Hz; peek perception and expanded levels of consciousness

35
Q

What waves are associated with meditation?

A

gamma waves (high levels of meditation/olympic level know the examples); theta waves (normal meditation/ beginner)

36
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

dynamic potential of the brain to reorganize itself throughout life in response to everday life; waht you do or do not do can physcially restructure your brain; this includes thoughts and feelings; neither good nor bad

37
Q

Mindfulness Meditation

A

involves allwoing any sensations, thought, or feelings to arise from moment, while maintaining awareness as an attentive and nonattached oberver without judgement or analysis; Jon Kabat-Zinn (biomedical neuroscientists and mindfulness master) and Thich Nhat Hanh (vietnamese Buddhist Monk and “Father of Mindfulness”

38
Q

look back in book for stuff

A
39
Q

Who are the notable figures of psychoimmunology?

A

Carl Simonton (radiation oncologist involded with mental imagery/visualization of sharks attacking cancer); Norman Cousins (the men who laughed himself to health); Candace Pert (neuroscientist, neuropeptides, immune system + brain)

40
Q

How did visualization/imagery work with the cancer patients?

A

Carl Simonton got cancer patients to imagine sharks (being the immune sys) eating the cancer cells in their bodies; had positive effects; shows how belief, mind, emotions etc can help with healing

41
Q

Norman Cousins

A

the man who laughed himself to health; he figured that if bad emotions caused bad health then good emotions would cause health; his health drastically improved; he would laugh at things and videos

42
Q

Homeostasis

A

an optimal state of balance that promotes health and combats disease; our systems are constantly trying to maintain homeostasis

43
Q

Psychosomatic Medicine

A

founded on the belief that the mind can cause bodily symptoms; mind, nervous sys, immune sys, and endocrine sys = psychosomatic network

44
Q

Psychoimmunology

A

how the immune system can be influenced by mental and emotional states such as chronic stress

45
Q

The concept of psychosomatic network…

A

requires mind and body to constitute an indivisible whole

46
Q

What are some of the things that can make people a strong candidate for hypnosis?

A

those who are willing to do it/open- if they are not willing it is harder to hypnotize; attentive focused; anyone can technically be hypnotized but you have to be more open to it; absorption

47
Q

Hypnosis

A

a trance state (an altered state of consciousness) that is accompanied by changes in perception, memory, emotions, and action; you do not erase a memory you treat the symptoms moreso; is a continuum

48
Q

What are the types of hypnosis?

A

induced hypnotic states (hypnotism); autohypnosis (self-hypnosis)

49
Q

Induced Hypnotic States (Hypnotism)

A

can be used for a variety of procedures and treatment; hypnotically induced anesthesia

50
Q

Autohypnosis (Self-Hypnosis)

A

all hypnosis, even when instructed by a hypnosis, is self hypnosis; you can not force someone to be hypnotized; you can only be encouraged or invited to hypnosis

51
Q

What are some everyday hypnotic states?

A

driving and zoning out (road hypnosis); zoning out to a professors voice

52
Q

What are some of the limitations of hypnosis?

A

being unwilling to participate in hypnosis; some people are afraid of it; skepticisms like thinking you are going to be forced to do something, controlled, not in controll of body

53
Q

Mind/Body Connection with Hypnosis

A

can open us to being in touch with our body; hypnosis can access subconscious parts of mind that may be affecting the body (like a repressed memory or something)

54
Q

Clinal vs. Stage Hypnosis

A

clinical- not staged, not forced, occurs naturally, continuum

55
Q

True Skeptics

A

conduct an openminded and objective inquiry for truth; they have a questioning attitude toward facts and views and they are willing to challenge their own beliefs

56
Q

Pseudoskeptics

A

do not examine the evidence and conduct experiments; in the case of psi research, they deny the possibility of psi despite a significant body of research indicating otherwise; ex) extreme adherence to a purely materialist model to the point of exclusion

57
Q

Psi

A

a neutral term for a wide range of psychic phenomena including extrasensory perception (ESP), and psychokinesis (PK); also includes clairvoyance, telepathy, and pre cognition; thousands of controlled scientific experiments have been conducted over the past decades

58
Q

“Anomalies”

A

unexplained deviations from the norma; should not be regarded as mistakes; occasionally lead to major breakthroughs and even scientific revolutions; ex) meteorites (originally said rocks can not fall from the sky but then an anomaly, the meteorite, was discovered); airplanes

59
Q

Ganzfeld (“Whole Field”) Experiment

A

Honorton, Parker, and Braud proposed that psi operates as a weak signal that is usually concealed in stronger signals; our senses tend to be continuously bombarded in daily modern life; experiment consists of a preparation, sending, and judging phase; later experiments were double blind; results above chance and replicated

60
Q

Dean Radin and Presentiment

A

presentiment: vague sense that something is about to occur, but without any conscious awareness of a specific event; erotic/emotional arousal imagery located 53.1% of the time

61
Q

So far is Psi…

A

no grand explanation has been proposed to explain various psi phenomena…but is not a reason to reject experimental evidence; psi phenomena suggst that mind plays a fundamental role in nature and that psyche and the physical world are not radically separate

62
Q

Quantum Physics

A

proposes that the universe is fundamentally nonlocal-particles and phsyical objects that appear to be isolated are in fact deeply interconnected regardless of the distance; however, Radin acknowledges that our current quantum theory is insufficient to explain psi effects

63
Q

Out of Body Experience

A

OBE; generally speaking, an experience of “exiting” one’s physical body and yet still seeing and experiencing their surround as if they are there as an observer; cases of blind individuals who experienced an OBE experiencing visual imagery

64
Q

Near Death Experience

A

NDE; vivid, realistic, and often deeply life changing experiences of men, women, and children who have physiologically or psychologically close to death; people from all walks of life and belief systems can have this experience

65
Q

Reported Features of a NDE

A

not all of them may experience these; feelings of peace and joy through a region of darkness and/or a bright light at the end of a tunnel; “being of light” (influenced by cultural views/beliefs); encountering a barrier that would cut them off from their body and life where they to cross it; conversely it can be a frightening and unpleasant experience

66
Q

Raymond Moody and NDE’s

A

wrote a book called “Life after Life”; coined the term “near death experience”; had a NDE of his own; used qualitative data exclusively

67
Q

Potential Changes after a NDE

A

tend to be changed by the experience, for better or worse; renewed appreciation for life; changed self-image; increased compassion for others; declined in religious affliction, but an increase in spirituality; learning for knowledge; materialistic pursuits lose meaning; can develop psi abilities; conversely they cna be so shakent aht an NDEr can develop depression, loneliness and profound nostalgia

68
Q

Dying Brain Hypothesis

A

a lack of oxygen (or “anoxia”) during the dying process might induce abnormal firings of neurons in brain areas responsible for vision, and taht such firing an abnormal firing would lead to the illusion of seeing a bright light at the end of a dark tunnel

69
Q

Dreamlets

A

brief periods of unconsiousness

Psychology of the Mind and Body (3 decks)

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