Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AUDE 5120 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

according to bankatis and kemp infection control refers to ….

A

the conscious management of the environment for the purposes of minimizing or eliminating the potential spread of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does infection control invole

A

development, implementation, and execution of professions-specific protocols designed to reduce potential cross-contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the effectiveness of infection control depend on

A

degree to which protocols meet and the extent to which they are followed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

background of hiv/aids

A

1980 : several cases of rare illnesses in men
1981 : CDC recognized hiv/aids as the cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) and hiv/aids

A

developed guidelines for protecting healthcare workers from cross-infection of HIV and other blood borne diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

universal precautions

A

all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, and other blood borne pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

guidelines for standard precautions

A

-appropriate personal barriers must be worn when performing procedures that may expose personnel to infection agents
-hands must be washed before and after every patient contact and after glove removal
-touch and splash surfaces must be pre-cleaned and disinfected
-critical instruments must be sterilized
-infectious waste must be disposed of properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

basis of the center for disease control (CDC) universal blood and blood borne pathogen precaution

A

stems from the underlying principle that every patient must be considered a potential carrier of an infection disease and/or a susceptible host for potentially infectious microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

OSHA

A

department of labor established in 1971
-1991 implemented blood borne pathogens standard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

joint commission accreditations for the healthcare organizations (JCAHO)

A

set guidelines based on OSHA standard which vary depending on the type of facility
-independent
-quicker reimbursement from 3rd party insurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

environmental protection agency (EPA)

A

mission : protect human health and environment
-regulate and register disinfectants and sterilants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

food and drug administration (FDA)

A

responsible for protecting the public health by ensuring the safety of drugs, biological products, and by ensuring the safety of our nations foods supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

epidemic

A

sudden outbreak
-more than usual cases of a disease occurs
-ex. outbreak of cholera, yellow fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pandemic

A

an epidemic on a large scale
-ex. covid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

endemic

A

an infection that is ever present at a relatively low level
-ex. malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

normal flora

A

bacteria which are found in or on bodies on a semi-permanent basis without causing disease
-viruses and bacteria are NOT normal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

benefits of normal flora

A

-competes with pathogens
-certain B vitamins and vitamin K
-produces substances which inhibit or kill pathogens
-acts as antigens and stimulates low levels of antibodies to prevent infection or invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how much normal flora is in our bodies

A

10^14
-when compared to 10^13 for cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

helpful microbes in our bodies

A

normal flora and probiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pathogens

A

microbes that due harm
-essential to kill as many as possible to prevent the spread of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when do diseases occur

A

when normal flora is suppressed and pathogens can grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

harmful aspects of normal flora

A

-takes advantage of immunocompromised host
-occurs when the organisms are at a site with which they are not normally associated (ex. e.coli is normal of GI tract but causes UTI’s if in urinary tract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

nosocomial infections

A

hospital acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

example of nosocomial infection (MRSA)

A

-since introduction of antibiotics, there has been antibiotic-resistant strains (MRSA)
-these strains are responsible for many infections
-patients are more susceptible to acquiring infections
-hospital staff may serve are vectors of infection
-special cleaning agents are needed to kill MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
bacterium responsible for difficult to treat infections in humans -hospital acquired
26
do antibiotics help kill viruses
they do not help viral infections -antibiotics only treat bacterial infections -there are a few antiviral medications
27
what can antibiotic overuse lead to
MRSA -more harm than good
28
organisms more likely to be acquired within a hospital
staphylococcus-aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, enteric gram negative rods, hep B, hep C, HIV, candida infections
29
prokaryotes
"before nucleus" -usually single celled -lack an organized nucleus -no mitochondria or chloroplasts -bacteria
30
eukaryotes
-usually multicellular -true membrane bound nucleus -mitochondria and chloroplasts -DNA organized in chromosomes -protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals
31
immune system cells
white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
32
where do immune system cells develop
in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem
33
white blood cells (leukocytes)
lymphoid lineage and myeloid lineage
34
lymphoid lineage
-primitive T cells go to thymus to mature -primitive b cells stay in bone marrow to mature -natural killer cells
35
myeloid lineage
-mononuclear phagocytes, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, basophilis, platelets, and others
36
B cells
matures in bone marrow -receptor cells on their surface recognize foreign pathogens -produce antibodies -present antigens to T cells
37
T cells
mature in thymus -helper and killer t cells destroy the foreign bodies after the B cells have identified them -signal to B cells to start humoral immunity
38
methods of transmission
contact, common vehicle, air, and vector
39
contact transmission
direct - person to person contact droplets - travel short distance through the air
40
common vehicle transmission
indirect transmission by food, water, biologic products (blood), and fomites (inanimate objects) -contaminated needles, instruments, specula, HA, earmolds, etc.
41
airborne transmission
infectious agents carried by dust, skin shed or droplet suspended in air -can be over great distances
42
vector transmission
arthropods -external : organism is carried mechanically on the vector -internal : organism is carried within the vector
43
herpesviridae
DNA viruses herpes simplex 1 and 2, varicella zoster
44
HSV 1
saliva -acute gingibostomatitis, cold sores/fever blisters
45
HSV 2
sexual contact -genital herpes, neonatal herpes, viral meningitis
46
varicella zoster
varicella (chicken pox) and zoster (shingles)
47
herpes zoster oticus
ramsay-hunt syndrome -viral infection of the facial nerve near the ear -can cause ear pain, hearing loss, dizziness, and facial pain
48
meningitis
inflammation of the protective layers of the brain and spinal cord
49
causes of meningitis
viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic
50
symptoms of meningitis
initial : headaches, fever, stiff neck, light sensitivity, and lethargy severe : confusion, seizures, coma or death
51
viral meningitis
most common but less severe than bacterial -non polio enteroviruses -spread by close contact -recovery occurs within 7 to 10 days
52
bacterial meningitis
more severe than viral -can be fatal -can cause brain damage, hearing loss, and learning disabilities -streptococcus pneumoniae, group B streptococcus -spread by close contact, from mother to child, or through food -hospitalization, antibiotics, and supportive measures
53
fungal meningitis
rare, typically only affects immunocompromised -spreads through the bloodstream to the brain and spinal cord -acquired within hospitals -anti-fungal medication
54
critical instruments
instruments that come into contact with blood and/or other infectious substances
55
non-critical instruments
earmolds, headphones, specula, toys, keyboards, microphones, shared pends/pencils, in the ear hearing aid styles
56
general procedure for critical items sterilizatin
-cold sterilization for audiologic implements -soak in 2% glutaraaldehyde for 10 hours -soak in 7.3% hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours
57
cleaning
gross contamination is removed but germs might not be
58
sanitizing
gross contamination removed, some germs killed -hard to say which microbes are being removed -avoid in healthcare setting
59
disinfecting
killing the germs -low is household -mid is that of dishwasher pods, alcohol, and bleach -high is hospital grade
60
sterilization
kill 100% of vegetative microorganisms and their endospores 100% of the time
61
hand hygiene is the ....
single most important procedure for limiting the spread of infectious disease
62
when must hands be washed
before and after every single patient contact and after glove removal
63
what type of water is best for washing hands
warm water
64
type of soap that is best
antimicrobial soap for operating rooms -avoid bar soap
65
what does universal precaution recommend for hand washing
soap and water, but more recently hand sanitizer is allowed as long as there is no visible contaminants -bankaitis for 10 sec -CDC for 20 sec -OSHA for 20 to 30 sec
66
hand sanitizer is ....
only acceptable if there are no visible contaminants or debris -alcohol based
67
innervation
auricle and ear canal have branches of 5, 10 and cervical plexus -branches from 7 and 9 -precise distribution of nerves is not constant
68
external canal sensitivity
-superior and anterior are less sensitive -inferior and posterior are more sensitive
69
with canal sensitivity, what is the recommendation for instrument removal
remove at the superior aspect of impaction
70
what may stimulation of nerves cause
discomfort, coughing, watery eyes, syncope, cardiac depression, dizziness, and sneezing
71
neuro-reflexes of the external auditory meatus
vagus, trigeminal, lymphatic
72
trigeminal reflex
"red reflex" -causes excessive vascularization and thickening of the TM -can be evoked by otoscopy, otoblock insertion, and hearing aid use
73
vagus reflex
"arnold's reflex" -coughing, gagging, and/or watering of the eyes -can be evoked by insertion of otoblock, cerumen removal, or insertion of hearing aid
74
lymphatic reflex
slow reflex which could result from over-wearing of hearing aids during adaptation period -causes swelling of tissues and soreness -may appear to be due to an allergic reaction
75
hearing evaluation protocol with no concerns
-wash hands -case history -gloves or no gloves (up to you) -attach specula -visually inspect both ears with one specula -remove specula with gauze -dispose of specula or sterilize -perform hand hygiene
76
hearing evaluation protocol with concerns
-wash hands -case history/drainage -gloves -attach specula -visually insert health ear then the ear of concern OR replace specula prior to inspection -remove specula with gauze -dispose of specula
77
when should you switch the specula
if looking in a ear with concern first or you feel as if it got contaminated
78
parts of the tympanic membrane
pars flaccida, light reflex, manubrium, umbo, and pars tensa
79
otomycosis
fungal infection of the ear -accounts for 10-20% of outer ear infections -higher incidence in warmer climates -use of topical steroids and antibiotics are a predisposing factor
80
what is the leading cause of germs transmitting in health care?
contaminated hands
81
glove fit
snug -allow for movement -not too loose or too tight
82
otitis media
inflammation of the ear
83
abrasion of canal
cuts within canal

AUDE 5120 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions