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Intro to Political Science > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Socialization

A

Is the process by which humans acquire values and beliefs.
Shaped by our cultures and change with place and time.
In general, most people in our own society have the same values and beliefs.
When people try to change those values and beliefs they will often encounter serious resistance.

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2
Q

The Common Good

A

A term that has been thoroughly debated by Greek philosophers and the generations of philosophers that followed, but it is generally referred to as “a good proper to, and attainable only by, the community, yet individually shared by its members.”
In other words, it is the undertaking of big projects that society needs that no individual can undertake but all individuals can benefit from.

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3
Q

What is an example of a common good provided by the government in America?

A

Roads, public schools, public parks

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4
Q

Peer Review

A

The process that helps to verify academic work and provides a process that can deem research creditable and elevate it so that others in the field can benefit from continued education and acquire new knowledge and understanding throughout their careers.

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5
Q

Empirical Theory

A

The practice of making observable and factual investigations.

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6
Q

Normative Theory

A

The practice of engaging in ethics and value judgments.

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7
Q

Traditionalists

A

Study the institutions of government, the rules, the constitutions, the laws, and practices to learn about that government.

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8
Q

Behaviorists

A

Study the people and groups inside of the institutions to gain institutional knowledge.

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9
Q

Correlation

A

Is a relationship in which changes in one variable appear when there are changes in another variable.

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10
Q

Causation

A

One variable absolutely causes or creates the other.

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11
Q

Idols of the Marketplace

A

Errors based on misunderstanding and faulty communications; errors related to our inexact use of language.

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12
Q

Idols of the Tribe

A

Errors related to the flaws of human nature; errors caused by the human tendency to be quick to judge and to be superficial in our assessments.

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13
Q

Idols of the Den

A

Errors caused by our inability to see beyond our own particular surroundings; errors related to our nearsightedness and proclivity for viewing our particular way of life as the standard for judging all others.

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14
Q

Idols of the Theater

A

Errors based on our beliefs in dogmatic teachings; errors caused by believing in systems of though characterized by inflexibility and closed off to questioning and critical analysis.

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15
Q

Power

A

An ability to influence an event or outcome that allows the agent to achieve an objective and/or to influence another agent to act in a manner in which the second agent, on its own, would not choose to act. In other words, an ability to affect something else.

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16
Q

Latent Power

A
  • Inactive
  • Reserved
    *Example: Mutually assured destruction
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17
Q

Manifest Power

A

*Active
*Deployed
*Example: Executive Order (9981) ordering the integration of the U.S military

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18
Q

Volition

A

The will or choice to do something.

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19
Q

Types of Power: Force

A

The exercise of power by physical means.

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20
Q

Types of Power: Persuasion

A

Nonphysical power in which the agent using power makes its use of power clear and known to the agent over whom power is exercised.
*Lobbying
*Speech making
*Information Campaigns
*Artistic Depiction

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21
Q

Types of Power: Manipulation

A

Is a nonphysical power in which the agent using power conceals the use of power.
*If done effectively the second agent will not even know it happened.
*“If you are persuaded, you feel it; if you are manipulated, you do not feel it because you do not know anything has happened.”

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22
Q

Types of Power: Exchange

A

The use of power through incentives.
*Log-Rolling: Votes are exchanged as a means of pursuing desired objective and altering the behavior of others.
*Quid Pro Quo - Latin for “This for That”

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23
Q

Nonviolent Force

A
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24
Q

Governmental Structures: States

A

An organization that has a number of political functions and tasks, including providing security, extracting revenues, and forming rules for resolving disputes and allocating resources within the boundaries of the territory in which it exercises jurisdiction.

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25
Q

States: Sovereignty

A

Is the actual ability of states to act as ultimate rile-making and rule-enforcing organizations.

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26
Q

States: Legitimacy

A

Is the belief by citizens that the state operating over them is proper.

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27
Q

Rivals to State Power: Terrorist Organizations and Drug Cartels

A

Have the ability to completely override and subvert the will of the state.

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28
Q

Rivals to State Power: Multi-National Corporations

A
  • MNC - Are the international businesses with operations, transactions, and assets in the territories of different states.
  • Have the ability to sprawl over many state territories.
  • Can be exceedingly powerful controlling budgets and territories larger than States.
  • May object to the economic and foreign policy objectives of their home states.
  • May have conflicting ideological differences in states they do business with.
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29
Q

Rivals to State Power: Nongovernmental Organizations

A
  • NGO - Are nonstate, voluntary groups that pursue political objectives.
  • Important advocates that can help moderate, reinforce, or supplant the actiuons of the state.
  • NGO’s can also apply public pressure to regulate the behavior of some MNC’s.
  • Examples: Red Cross and the Environmental Defense Fund
30
Q

Rivals to State Power: Intergovernmental Organizations

A
  • IGO - Are political organizations in which membership is held exclusively by states.
  • Examples: United Nations (UN), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
31
Q

Political Theory

A

A subfield in political science, focusing on the normative and ethical questions of politics.
Involves the study of texts and critically thinking about what those texts teach us.

32
Q

What purpose should states serve?

A
  • Plato’s Answer: The promotion of justice.
  • Hobbes Answer: Promote the survival of humanity.
33
Q

What were Thomas Jefferson’s arguments in the Declaration of Independence?

A
  1. Individuals are created naturally equal
  2. Individuals possess natural rights
    3.It is the proper role of the government to protect and respect these natural rights
  3. If governments aggress against these equal natural rights, individuals may overturn such governments
34
Q

Who thought that states should maximize their power?

A

Machiavelli

35
Q

Who thought that states should minimize their power?

A

James Madison

36
Q

What is the definition of ‘Political Ideology’?

A

A ‘Political Ideology’ is a pragmatic application of normative theories.

37
Q

What are some political ideologies?

A

-Liberalism
-Conservatism
-Socialism
-Fascism
-Feminism
-Environmentalism

38
Q

What is the etymology of the word ‘Liberalism’?

A

‘Liberalism’ can be traced back to the Latin root ‘liber’ which means free or one seeking liberty.

39
Q

Classical Liberalism Philosophers and Theorist

A

-John Locke
-Adam Smith

40
Q

Modern Liberalism Philosophers and Theorist

A

-T.H. Greene
-Jane Addams

41
Q

What does Locke argue for in his seminal work “Two Treaties of Government”?

A

-The protection of individual liberties and limited government
-Opposes Authoritarianism or the idea that subjects must be loyal to the state
-Argues that the state was created y the people and thus the government should serve the people

42
Q

What were some of Locke’s beliefs as a Classical Liberalist?

A

-Through reason humans can deduce the laws of nature
-Preserve yourself. Take care of yourself and your needs. Work to promote your own survival.
-Do not harm others. Do not seek out trouble by starting conflicts and wars. If you seek to harm others, this will put you at risk of being harmed and will thus violate the first law of nature

43
Q

What were some of Adam Smith’s beliefs as a Classical Liberalist?

A

-Adam Smith was a moral theorist and was interested in the economics of capitalism
-He views liberalism and capitalism as reciprocal and reinforcing of one another.
-Individual rationality unites liberalism and capitalism
-Smith argues the purpose of government is to p[rovide security and public goods such as roads, bridges, and schools

44
Q

Modern Liberalism

A

-Interventionist Government: A government that takes a role in regulating economic and social interactions
-Expansive Liberty: Is the objective sought by the interventionist government
-Advocates that for a person to be free they must have the opportunity to contribute to society in a meaningful way that provides dignity
-Advocates for safe working conditions, social safety nets, and the like
-Modern Liberals believe that state intervention can promote and enhance individual freedom

45
Q

Modern Liberalism: New Deal Reforms

A

-Federal Emergency Relief Administration: Provided federal funds to state governments to finance relief programs to help the unemployed
-Works Progress Administration (WPA): Created federally funded jobs for the unemployed

46
Q

Modern vs Classical Liberalism

A

Modern Liberalism argues in favor of interventionist government and expansive liberty, classical liberalism did not.

47
Q

Conservatism

A

-Conservatism was a reassertion of the classical liberal position
-A new name was adopted to further distance their views from modern liberalism (they essentially rebranded)
-Other contemporary classical liberals call themselves libertarians and favor strict limits on state action

48
Q

What policies are supported by Libertarianism?

A

-Legalization of drugs
-Prohibition of censorship of books and movies
-Support for gun ownership
-Support for abortion rights
-Support for gay right

49
Q

What are three types of Conservatism?

A

-Classical Liberal Conservatism
-Traditional Conservatism
-Traditional Conservatism Today

50
Q

What is Classical Liberal Conservatism?

A

-Argue for small government and thriving capitalism
- In the U.S Congress, politicians that fell into this category of Liberal Republicans were often referred to as Rockefeller Republicans

51
Q

Traditional Conservatives-Burke

A

-Disagree that people are ruled by reason
-Argues that people are irrational, emotional, and unpredictable
-Asserts that people are incapable of using reason to run their own lives smoothly
-Argues that people as a group are inherently unequal

52
Q

Traditional Conservatism Today

A

-Reject the argument of limited government (believe that the government should intervene to assert morality)
-Thriving in the current Republican Party membership that argues for the moral saving of the country
-The Family Research Council establishes what they call the “pro-family” beliefs which include the opposition to gay civil rights, criticizes cohabitation of unmarried people, oppose no-fault divorce, and believe that mothers must take care of their children (no day care centers)

53
Q

Traditional Conservatism vs. Classical Liberal Conservatism

A

Conservative ideology is deeply divided, with classical liberal conservatives seeking to minimize state actions and traditional conservatives seeking to use the state’s authority to make society more moral.

54
Q

Socialism

A

-Refers to an ideology arguing that citizens are best served by policies focused on meeting the basic needs of the entire society rather than on serving the needs of individuals as individuals

55
Q

Marxism

A

-Severely critiques Capitalism
-Divides the people into two groups: The Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat
-Marx argues that the creative, productive, and collaborative dimensions of working and living are lost to the Proletarian, who has become almost as lifeless as the tools he or she uses. Marx would assert that the alienated worker does not even know any more that it is not supposed to be this way.

56
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Lives by purchasing the labor of others

57
Q

Proletariat

A

Sells its labor power for a wage

58
Q

How does Marx envision the transition from Capitalism to Socialism? Is it violent, peaceful, or both?

A
59
Q

Marxism-Leninism

A

-A form of socialism articulated by a Russian theorist and revolutionary Vladimir Iylich Ulyanov, whose revolutionary name was Lenin (1870-1924)
-Takes ideas from Marx and adds some of his own theory and creates Marxism-Leninism, often referred to as Communist Ideology

60
Q

Social Democracy

A

-Reject Marxism-Leninism and instead embrace peaceful, legal efforts to work towards socialism, and they believe in multiparty competition and civil liberties
-They view socialism as a way of organizing society so that all groups are guaranteed some level of social wellbeing and economic security but do not advocate for overthrowing all aspects of capitalism.

61
Q

What is Fascism?

A

-In fascism the individual’s purpose is to serve the government thus creating strength through national unity
*Fasces was an ancient Roman emblem that means power through unity (wooden rods gathered together with an axe head)
-Asserts that the state is more important than the individual
-Asserts that governments are at their best when they are totalitarian societies (meaning the government should have total control over the country and its citizens)
-Affirms that individuals are to gain a sense of purpose by psychologically identifying with a totalistic state and devoting themselves to service to that state
-Rejects the concept of equality
-Advocates for nationalism and/or racism
-Rejects the idea that civil institutions should have an important role in limiting power of states and in criticizing laws of the state

62
Q

How did Hitler and Mussolini rise to power? What did they promise? What was the result?

A

-Promised to cure all of societies woes and ills if their systems of government were adopted
-Sought to control and regulate economic, cultural, and political power
-Resulted in hyper nationalism, totalitarian societies, and genocide

63
Q

Benito Mussolini

A

-Mussolini (1183-1945)
-Tenure of Power in Italy (1922- 1943)
-Mussolini’s fascism supported war making theories and nationalism, it was anti-international and anti-individualistic
-The state was to function as an emotional force in the lives of the people

64
Q

Where does totalitarian come from?

A

Comes from Italina fascist writings that supported the idea that the state should have total control, without limits, of directing the state, and subsequently, the people

65
Q

Fascism and Psychology

A

-Fascists argues that the state could fulfill psychological needs by representing a symbol of strength with which otherwise powerless individuals could identify with
-This gives the marginalized individual something critical that will secure their devotion to the state- PURPOSE

66
Q

How did Mussolini justify subordination of the people to the state?

A

-He argued that subordination was empowerment
-Subordination transitions away from thoughts of dominance and subjugation to thoughts of empowerment through strength in unity.

67
Q

Adolf Hitler

A

-Hitler (1889-1945)
-Tenure of Power in Germany (1933-1945)

68
Q

German Racial Decrees

A

-Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service: Provided for the removal of Jews from civil service (government) jobs
-Law against the Overcrowding of German Schools and institutions of Higher Learning: Restricted Jews in terms of school enrollment
-A law creating a Reich Chamber of Culture: excluded Jews form cultural and entertainment professions
-National Press Law: created state censorship of the press and excluded Jews from journalistic positions
-Hereditary Farm Law: Prohibited Jews from inheriting farmlands
-Law for Reduction of unemployment: Provided subsidies for couples wishing to marry, if both the man and woman were deemed racially superior

69
Q

German Symbols of the Non-Elite

A

-Jewish People: Yellow Star
-Jehovah’s Witness: Purple Triangle
-The Roma: Brown Triangle
-Criminals: Green Triangle
-Political Dissidents: Red Triangle
-Gay men: Pink Triangle
-Lesbians and “Anti-Socials”: Black Triangle

70
Q

How were the “Non-Elites” Dehumanized? How did this Dehumanization affect the “Non-Elites” and the oppressors? What is the result of these systems of fascism and totalitarianism?

A

-Once humans were separated into groups of superior/inferior, desirable/undesirable, patriotic/degenerate; anything can be done to the non-elite group
-The humanity of the non-elites is stripped away in these systems and consequently the humanity if their oppressor is also compromised and erased.
-These systems of fascism and totalitarianism lead inexorably to violence, murder, and genocide.

71
Q

Concentration Camps

A
  1. The camps silenced opposition
  2. The camp system was used to attack and eventually seek to annihilate those deemed inferior
  3. The camp prison population provided labor for industry and the government
72
Q

Neofascism

A

-Both fascism and racial purity movements are on the rise in both the U.S and Europe
-While nowhere close to what was seen in Italy or Germany in the early 20th century, fascism and nationalism are on the rise and should always be seen as a potent threat to democratic societies that support beliefs of conservatism, liberalism, and economic socialism

Intro to Political Science (2 decks)

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