Midterm Flashcards
Ahhiyawa
a
Arthur Evans
a
Bronze Age
the period of greek history extending from the appearance of bronze technology in the Aegean basin c. 3000 bc to the fall of the Mycenaean kingdoms c. 1200 bc
central court
a
Cnossus
a
domestication
a
Franchthi Cave
a
Heinrich Schliemann
a
Hittites
a
Indo-European Languages
family of languages spoken in europe, come from common ancestor
Lerna
a
Linear A
a
Linear B
a
Mediterranean climate
hot dry summers and cool wet winters
Mediterranean triad
grains, grapes, olives, basis of greek agriculture - bread wine olive oil
megaron
a large rectangular building that served as the focal point of mycneaena palaces, its function as the reat hall of the ruler continued in the reign of the dark age chiefs. in the city-states the ancient megaron achieved immortality as the basic plan of the greek temple
Michael Ventris
a
Minoan Civilization
a
Mycenae
a
Mycenaean Civilization
a
Pylos
a
shaft graves
deep rectangular burial pits used to bury the rulers of mycenae from the late 17th to the end of the 16th centuries
Thera
a
tholos
a type of monumental aboveground stone tomb shaped like beehive favored by the elites of the late bronze age
wanax
lord, master, the title of the monarchical ruler of a mycenaean kingdom. form anax appears as the title of gods and high ranking chiefs in homer
barbaros
the term used by the ancient greeks for all people who were not greek in lnaguage and culture, contrast did not necessarily imply uncivilized crudity and savagery, though from fifth centry on, came to mean inferior, lacking the mental and moral capabilities that belonged naturally to hellenes, their language sounded like ‘bar bar’
basileus
the term for the legitimate single ruler, the ‘king’. in mycenaean society, the title qasireu denoted an official who had charge of a village or district with the breakup of the mycenaean kingdoms it became [in the form basileus] the title of the warrior-chiefs who ruled the villages and districts in the dark age. the hierarchy of basileis was replaced in the archaic age by landed aristocrats who ruled as an oligarchy
Cyprus
a
Dark Age
the period of greek history extending from the end of the bronze age c 1200 bc to the beginning of the archaic period c 700 bc
Geometric style
dominated vace painting from around 900 to 700 bc. wider variey of motifs than protogeometric period. linear and angular patterns appear. toward the end of period, animal and then human figures appear
xenia
guest-friendship, established a relationship of mutual friendship with a man from another demos, each being obliged to offer hospitality and aid when visiting the other’s community. passed down through generations, continued throughout antiquity, evolving in the city-states into the more formal dipomatic relationship of proxeny
Hesiod
a
Homeric Epics
Iliad and Odyssey
Ionian migration
process by which the islands of the central aegean sea and the central portion of the west coast of turkey were settled by speakers of the ionic dialect of greek during the dark ages. accordin to legend, ionians were refugees from achaea who took refuge in athens and then colonized the aegean islands and western turkey under athenian leadership
iron
a
kleros
an alottment of farmland sufficient to support a citizen-family, it was passed on in perpetuity in the male line. in oligarchic sttes, full citizenship was frequently tied to the possession of a certain amount of la
Lefkandi
a
Nichoria
a
oikos
household. the fundamental social and economic unit in greek society, comprehending the family group, its house, land, animals, and property, includin slaves
oral composition
refers to technique by which dark age poets were able to compose extended poems, both epic and lyric, without the use of writing
polytheism
worship of many gods
Protogeometric style
kind of pottery devloepd around 1000bc when a faster wheel and the use of rulers and multiple brushes on a single arm, alon with a shinier glaze produced by fiuring at a higher temperature, enabled potters to develop a wider variety of shapes
thetes
free men who were forced by poverty to hire out as laborers for wages. in athens, according to the economic divisions attributed to solon [600bc], the thetes formed the lowest class of citizens, always poor and sometimes owned no land at all
time[h]
honor, respect, the high regard in which greeks wished to be held by their peers. quarrels, lawsuits, and wars could break out over matters of time
agora
in homer, the term for the place of gathering, the assembly of the people. in the city-state period it denoted the public space of a city or town, being both the marketplace and civic center. lingering in the agora was the best way to inform oneself about public affairs, make business contacts, and collect gossip.
Archaic period
the period of greek history extending from the end of the dark age c 700 bc to the beginning of the classical period c. 480 bc
aristocracy
rule of the elite, strongest in archaic period and weakened as democracy emerged
Bacchiads
a
colony
independent poleis, maintaining primarily ties of religion and kinship with their founding cities
electrum
a
ethnos
large group of people who shared a common identity and territory but were not politically united, preferring local self government
hoi agathoi
‘good men’ - archaic greek social and political discoruce referred to aristocratic males, believed to be superior and entitled to a priviliged place in polis life by virtue of their noble birth
hoi kakoi
‘bad men’ all nonaristocrats
hoplite
heavily armored infantryman, named from distinctive shield, dominant miliary arm from the seventh century on, gradually undergoing changes in weaponry and tactics. government didnt always issue arms to soldiers, hoplites tended to come from middle class, men able to afford armor and swords, unlike rowers in fleets who were likely thetes
kore
maiden, life size or larger marble archaic statues of clothed femlaes, made as cult offerings or grave markers
kouros
youth, corresponding male nude statues
lyric poetry
poetry put to tune
metropolis
mother city, important with colonies
oligarchy
rule by a few men - standard form of government in the early city-states, havin replaced system of ranked chieftans
phalanx
tactical formation fo a hoplite army, eiht men deep, front row had spears, would push, once close enoguh used swords
polis
city, town, city-state, eigth century, polical community composed of a principal city or town and its surrounding countryside, which toether formed a self-governing entity the citystate, small polis was the principal form of greek community throuhout antiquity, numbering in the high hundreds by the fifth centyr, except in sparta, poleis usually had a republican government either oligarchic or democratic
proxeny
diplomatic arrangement whereby citizens in one state, called proxenoi, looked after the inerests of others states in their communities, proxenos was hihly honored by the foreign state he represented, system developed from earlier system of xenia
synoecism
process whereby several separate communities were formed into a single political union, also the actual movement of people from several communities into a brand new composite settlement
tyranny
illegal seizure and control of governmental power in a polis by a single strongman, the tyrant, occurred as a phase in many city-states during the seventh and sixth centuries and is often seen as an intermediate stage between narrow oligarchy and more democratic forms of polity
agoge
the state sponsored educational system at Sparta which all Spartan males had to complete in order to qualify for full Spartan citizenship
ephebe
boy who has reached the age of puberty
ephor
overseer. an office found in sparta and in other dorian states. in sparta a board of five ephors was elected annually by the assembly; the senior ephor gave his name to the year. the ephors had great power in the spartan state, including general control over the conduct of kings
gerousia
the council of elders, term used at sparta and in other polies for aristocratic council. spartan gerousia consisted of the two kings plus twenty-eight men over age 60 who served for life
helots
groups of conquered people forced by their conquerors to work as serfs on their former lands. the word is most commonly associated with sparta, where helots probably outnumbered citizens by a ratio of 7:1, the spartan way of life depended on and was formed by the state’s ownership of the labor of thousands of helots in laconia and messenia.
homoioi
‘similars, peers’. spartan term for full spartan citizens, referring to their common experience in the agoge and spartan army
kryptea
spartan secret police, a part of the spartan agoge in which selected young men in their late teens wandered the countryside at night, empowered to kill at will helots who seemed less submissive than was expected
Lacedaemon
a
Laconia
a
Lycurgus
a
Messenia
a
Peloponnesian League
an organization led by sparta and dated to sixth century bc. sparta and less powerful allied states whose leaders swore to have the same friends and enemies as the spartans, tied to sparta not each other
perioeci
‘dwellers round about’ - used to describe neighborin peoples who were in a suboridinate relationship to a dominating polis. esp sparta, laconia and messenia were half citizens, granting them local autonomy but obligating them to military service and allowing them no say in the conduct of policy
Plutarch
a
syssition
‘common meal’ at sparta all boys at the end of their agoge had to be admitted to membership in a syssition, a group of fifteen men who regularly ate and socialized together. membership required the boy to obtain the unanimous vote of the existing members of the syssition and to contribute a set amount of food each month to the communal meal. a boy who failed to join a syssition or to maintain his monthly food contribution ceased to be a full spartan citizen
Xenophon
a
Alcmaeonid
a
Cleisthenes
a
Council of Five Hundred
classical athens, consisted of 500 men chosen by lot, prepared business for assmebly, 50 people from each of ten tribes created by cleisthenes?
Cylon
a
Cyrus II
a
Darius I
a
Draco
a
Gelon
a
Harmodius and Aristogiton
a
hektemoroi
one-sixers, poor farmers who had fallen into debt to wealthy landowners and had to hand over to them a sixth of their produce under penalty of enslavement
Hippias and Hipparchus
a
Marathon
a
Militiades
a
ostracism/ostraka
political device introduced by cleisthenes as part of his reforms. a person receiving at least a plurality of 6000 votes on ostraka, little pieces of pottery, was required to go into exile for a period of ten years, wrote names of persons they wished to exile. any athenian could be exiled, in practice individuals who were actuall ostracized were primarily major policial leaders, from 486 to 417, how themistocles was able to use silver to build triremes and win at the battle of salamis?
Pisistratus
a
pentakosiomedimnoi
solonic system, membesr of the highest class ‘500-measure men’ since they had an estate that produced at least 500 bushels of grain, oil, and wine
Salamis
a
satrapies
title of the governors of the principal territorial subdivisions of the persian empire
Solon
a
Themistocles
a
Thermopylae
a
trireme
greek warship in classical period, three banks of oars and speeds of nine knots, it used its bronze ram to disable enemy ships, athenian oarsmen were best at this manevour, and athenian fleets dominated naval warfare during the fifth century, was manned by 180 rowers and 20 soldiers
Xerxes
a
assembly
along with the council [boule, gerousia], one of the two primary elements of greek governance. from the dark age on it was made up of adult males of the community. in the dark age, the assembly, called agora in in homer, had limited power to the chiefs, although its concurrence was crucial. despite attempts by the oligarchal rulers of the archaic poeriod to curtail further the authority of the assembly it eventually became the deciding body of state policy. in athens, the assemly, or ecclesia, met in the open air on the hill called the pynx about forty times a year, voted on things made by the boule
zeugitai
in solonic system, these were ‘yokemen’, who could afford to own a team of oxen and whose production of rain oil and wine was between 200 and 299 measures
hippeis
in solonic system, these were the ‘horsemen’ since they could afford to keep a horse for the cavalry, whose income was more than 299 measures of grain, oil, and wine, but less than 500
