Midterm Flashcards
0
Q
What is physiology?
A
Deals with the functions of the body parts (what they do and how they do it)
1
Q
What is anatomy?
A
Deals with the structure of the body (their forms and relationships)
2
Q
What is dissection?
A
The careful cutting apart of body parts to see their relationships
3
Q
What are some non invasive techniques to assess body structure and function?
A
Inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion
4
Q
What is inspection?
A
Observing the body for any changes that deviate from the norm
5
Q
What is palpation?
A
feeling the body with the surface of the hands
6
Q
What is auscultation?
A
listening to the body sounds to evaluate the functioning of organs (often used with a stethoscope to amplify sounds)
7
Q
What is percussion?
A
tapping on the body surface with fingertips to listen to the resulting echos
8
Q
What is diagnosis?
A
The science and skill of distinguishing one disorder/disease from another
dia = through -gnosis = knowledge
9
Q
What kind of information can be used to help obtain a diagnosis?
A
1) signs and symptoms
2) medical history (SOAP notes, personal history, family history, etc)
3) physical examination (palpation, inspection, etc)
4) lab tests
10
Q
What are the different levels of body organization?
A
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism (cindy crawford tries on sexy outfits)
11
Q
What is the chemical level?
A
Made up of atoms and molecules. Atoms combine to form molecules.
12
Q
What is the cellular level?
A
Molecules combine to form cells, which are the smallest living units in the human body. Cells also made up of organelles
13
Q
What is the tissue level?
A
Groups of cells and surrounding material that work together to perform a particular function
14
Q
The four basic types of tissues in the human body are ____________, ______________, _______________, and ___________.
A
epithelial tissue (covers the body and protects it) connective tissue (most abundant type of tissue and also protects) muscle tissue (made up of smooth, skeletal, and cardiac) nervous tissue (receives stimuli and conducts impulses throughout body)
15
Q
What is the organ level?
A
Composed of two or more tissues that work together to perform a function (has recognizable shapes)
16
Q
What is the system level?
A
Consists of related organs that all have a common function. Some organs can also be a part of more than one system (humans have 11 total systems in the body)
17
Q
What is the organism level?
A
Everything works together to make up an organism (human being)
18
Q
What are the 11 main elements that make up living things?
A
C, H, O, P, K, I, N, S, Ca, Fe, and Mg
CHOPKINS Cafe, mighty good!
19
Q
What are the 11 different organ systems?
A
Integumentary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic/immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
20
Q
What is the integumentary system?
A
protects the body, regulates body temperature, eliminates waste, etc
i.e. skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
21
Q
What is the muscular system?
A
body movements
i.e. muscles, tendons
22
Q
What is the skeletal system?
A
supports and protects the body, aids movement, stores minerals and lipids, etc
i.e. bones, joints, cartilage
23
Q
What is the nervous system?
A
generates action potentials (nerve impulses), detects changes in body, responds to changes with glandular secretion or muscular contraction
i.e. brain, spinal cord, nerves
24
What is the endocrine system?
regulates body activities by releasing hormones
i.e. hormone producing glands and cells
25
What is the lymphatic and immune system?
returns proteins and fluids to blood, generates lymphocytes
i.e. lymphatic fluid/vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes
26
What is the cardiovascular system?
pump blood through vessels, regulate acid base balance, regulate temperature, carry oxygen and nutrients via blood
i.e. blood, heart, and blood vessels
27
What is the respiratory system?
transfers oxygen to carbon dioxide
i.e. lungs, throat, voice box (larynx), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes
28
What is the digestive system?
physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates wastes
i.e. mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus, liver, gallbladder, etc
29
What is the urinary system?
produces, stores and eliminates urine, regulates chemical composition of blood, regulates production of red blood cells
i.e. kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra
30
What is the reproductive system?
gonads that produce gametes and release hormones
i.e. testes, ovaries
31
What are the 6 basic life processes?
metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
32
What is metabolism?
sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body (catabolism and anabolism)
33
What is responsiveness?
body's ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal/external environment
34
What is movement?
motion of the body, organs, cells, and structures inside the cells
35
What is growth?
increase in body size due to increase in cells or size of cells
36
What is differentiation?
process where a cell develops from an unspecialized to a specialized state
37
What is reproduction?
formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement
38
What is homeostasis?
idea that cells live in a relatively constant internal environment
```
homeo = sameness
-stasis = standing still
```
39
__________ aka passive transport is the movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
Diffusion
40
During diffusion, substances usually move ______ their concentration gradient
down
41
Factors that influence diffusion are ________________, ______________, ___________, _____________, and _____________.
steepness of concentration gradient, temperature, mass of the diffusing substance, surface area, and diffusion distance
42
What are feedback systems?
A cycle of events in which the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
43
Each monitored variable in a feedback system is also known as a ____________ _____________.
controlled condition
44
______________ is a disruption that changes a controlled condition
stimulus
45
The 3 components of a feedback system are ____________, ____________, and ____________.
Receptor, Control center, and Effector
46
What is a receptor?
a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition, they also send INPUTS to a controlled center
47
Inputs are typically in the form of ___________ __________ or ___________ ___________
nerve impulses; chemical signals
48
What are the functions of a controlled center?
sets acceptable range of values for a controlled condition, evaluates input from receptors, generates output commands (nerve impulses, hormones, and chemical signals)
49
_____________ is a body structure that receives OUTPUT from the control center
Effector
50
T/F Effectors produce a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
True
51
T/F The system is unable to "feed back" to change the condition in some way
False, it provides feed back in what is called a feedback loop
52
T/F Feedback loops can provide positive or negative feedback
True
53
If a response REVERSES the original stimulus, the system is operating by _________ feedback
negative
54
If a response ENHANCES or INTENSIFIES the original stimulus, the system is operating by ____________ feedback
positive
55
_____________ is a process of obtaining more keratin and depositing in cells (i.e. nails and hair)
keratinization
56
_____________ is the process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
Apoptosis
57
______________ is a common skin disorder where keratinocytes divide more quickly than normal and shed prematurely (7-10 days).
Psoriasis
58
What are some symptoms of psoriasis and its treatment?
flaky, silvery scales usually in the knees, elbows, and scalp (dandruff)
treatment includes topical ointments and UV phototherapy (to stop cell division)
59
_____________ _______ is the muscle that pulls on hair causing it to stand during emotional stress or fright
Arrector pili
60
This condition is exhibited by excessive body hair due to excessive androgens (tumor of the adrenal glands, testes, or ovaries)
Hirsutism
61
_______________ ____________ is also known as male pattern baldness
Androgenic alopecia
62
The ___________ system is the largest organ of the body in terms of both surface area and weight
integumentary (skin)
63
The 6 main functions of the integumentary system are:
1) thermoregulation
2) reservoir for blood
3) protection from external environment
4) cutaneous sensations
5) excretion and absorption
6) Vitamin D synthesis
64
The structure of the skin is broken down into two main parts: the __________ (epithelial tissue) and ___________ (connective tissue)
epidermis; dermis
65
The subcutaneous layer that is NOT part of the skin is called the _____________
hypodermis
66
The subcutaneous layer is made of ____________ and ___________ tissue
areolar and adipose tissue
67
The subcutaneous layer also contain nerve endings called _____________ _____________
lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles
68
The epidermis contains 4 types of cells called _____________, ___________, _____________ _________, and ___________ ________.
Keratinocytes (protects from heat and microbes ~ 90%)
Melanocytes (produces pigment melanin and absorbs UV ~ 8%)
Langerhans cells (is the immune response)
Merkel cells (tactile disc)
69
What are the 5 basic layers of the epidermis?
```
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinodum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
```
(cher loves getting skin botox)
70
The __________ ___________ is the deepest layer of the epidermis and is also known as the stratum germinativum
stratum basale
71
This layer of the epidermis contains 8-10 layers of keratinocytes close together and also provides strength/flexibility to the skin
stratum spinosum
72
The ___________ ________________ is the middle of the epidermis and usually undergoes apoptosis. Also contains lamellar granules that release lipid rich secretion
stratum granulosum
73
_______ _____________ is present only in the thick skin of the fingertips, palms, and soles
stratum lucidum
74
This layer of the epidermis is mostly keratin, protects deep layers from injury, and contains lipids between the cells (most superficial layer)
stratum corneum
75
Describe what happens when the epidermis grows.
New cells are pushed to the surface, accumulates more keratin (keratinization), undergoes apoptosis, and takes about 4 weeks
76
The ____________ skin layer is a deeper layer, mainly connective tissue, contains collagen and elastic tissue, and is the site of fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes
Dermis
77
T/F the dermis can contain adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, striae (stretch marks), etc.
True
78
___________ skin covers all surfaces of the body except the palms, soles, and palmar surfaces of the fingers (lacks stratum lucidum)
Thin
79
__________ skin covers the palms, palmar surfaces of the fingers, and soles (has distinct stratum lucidum)
Thick
80
_____________ plays a critical role in wound healing and are the most common cells in connective tissues for animals
fibroblasts
81
_________ are primary composed of adipose tissue and specialize in storing energy in the form of fat
adipocytes
82
The 3 accessory structures of the skin are ___________, __________ ___________, and _________
hair, skin glands, and nails
83
___________ (pili) are present on most surfaces. The shaft projects from the skin and the root penetrates the dermis and subcutaneous layer
hair
84
The 3 different types of skin glands are ______________, _____________, and ____________
sebaceous (oil glands, secretes sebum that coats hair)
sudoriferous (sweat glands, eccrine is throughout the skin, and apocrine is in groin or under armpits)
ceruminous (creates ear wax to black foreign substances)
85
_________ are tightly packed, hard, and keratinized epidermal cells
nails
86
Name the parts of the nail.
```
Body (main part)
Free edge (white growth part you cut)
Nail root (below the cuticle)
Lunula (white moon)
Hyponychium (under free edge)
Eponychium (cuticle, line/tissue that separates nail and skin)
```
87
What are the ABCDEs of malignant melanoma?
```
A- aymmetry
B- borders
C- color
D- diameter (> than 6mm)
E- elevation
```
88
The 5 different types of skin colors are __________, _________, __________, __________, and ___________
melanin (skin goes pale yellow to black - think liver spots)
carotene (yellow orange)
hemoglobin (red)
albinism (inability to produce melanin - missing in hair, eyes, skin)
vitiligo (loss of melanocytes from patches of skin - MJ)
89
__________ is a blue skin condition because the hemoglobin is depleted of oxygen
cyanotic
90
_________ is a yellowing of the skin due to build up of the pigment bilirubin in the blood (indicates liver disease)
jaundice
91
_______ is a red type of skin due to engorgement of capillaries in the skin (skin injury, heat, infection, allergies, etc.)
erythema
92
__________ __________ are also known as an impulse
action potentials
93
___________ ______________ is when the resting membrane potential decreases towards zero
depolarizing phase
94
___________ ____________ restores the resting membrane potential
repolarizing phase
95
Action potentials typically ___________ from one point to the next along the plasma membrane
propagate (reproduce and spread)
96
A ____________ is the site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell
Synapse
97
Process by which a fatty layer called myelin accumulates around nerve cells is called ____________
myelination
98
A _________ ___________ is a lipid and protein covering that electrically insulates the axon of a neuron and increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction
myelin sheath
99
The _________ ___________ ___________ is a separation of blood from the brain's extracellular fluid in the CNS. It essentially prevents materials from the blood in entering the brain
blood brain barrier
100
____________ is also known as water in the brain due to cerebral spinal fluid drainage, which increases pressure. Tumors, inflammation, and developmental malformations can also cause this.
hydrocephalus (can occur after meningitis - swelling)
101
An abrupt, temporary loss of consciousness following a blow to the head is called _________
concussion
102
T/F concussions are the most rare brain injury
False, it is the most common
103
A bruising of the brain due to trauma which includes a leakage of blood is called ________
contusion
104
A tear in the brain usually from a skull fracture or gunshot wound which causes rupture of large blood vessels is called ___________
laceration (can show as edema or cerebral hematoma)
105
What are the 3 major functions of the nervous system?
1) sensory - afferent neurons (carries nerve impulses towards CNS)
2) integrative - interneurons (forms connection between other neurons)
3) motor - efferent (carries nerve impulses away from CNS)
106
Cells that are contacted by afferent, interneurons, and efferent neurons are called ____________
effectors
107
The main processing center of the nervous system is the ___________ ___________ ___________
central nervous system (CNS)
108
The CNS is comprised of two main organs: the _______ and _______ ____________
brain; spinal cord
109
In addition to the CNS, the nervous system also branches out to the ___________ ___________ ____________
peripheral nervous system
110
The peripheral nervous system is broken down into the ________ ___________ and _________ __________
somatic division; autonomic division
111
The autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system is further broken down into the _________ _________ system and __________ ___________ system
parasympathetic nervous; sympathetic nervous
112
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous system
113
T/F the somatic nervous system is associated with the voluntary control of body movements via the skeletal muscles
True
114
The somatic nervous system are _________ nerves that are responsible for stimulating muscle contraction including all non sensory neurons connected with skeletal muscles/skin
efferent
115
Somatic nervous system is comprised of what 3 nerves?
spinal, cranial, and association
116
The __________ __________ system acts as the control system and are not under conscious control; therefore, it is involuntary. It also controls motor neurons located in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
autonomic nervous
117
The ______ nervous system prepares the body for actions, such as increasing heart rate, increase release of sugar or other fight/flight responses
sympathetic
118
The ___________ nervous system activates tranquil functions such as secreting saliva or digestive enzymes
parasympathetic
119
List some functions of the sympathetic nervous system
dilates pupils, relaxes bronchii, accelerates heart beat, inhibits stomach activities, contracts blood vessels
120
List some functions of the parasympathetic nervous system
contracts pupils, constricts bronchii, slows heart beat, stimulates activity in the stomach, dilates blood vessels
121
Nervous tissue are made up of _________ and __________
neurons and neuroglia
122
___________ are used for sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscles, regulating glands, etc.
neurons
123
_____________ supports, nourishes, and protects neurons
neuroglia
124
Neurons have the ability to produce _________ __________ or impulses (electrical excitability)
action potentials
125
The various parts of a neuron are ______ _________, _________, ______, ________, ______ ________, _________ of _______, and ______ ________ _______
cell body (contains nucleus)
dendrites (receiving portion of neuron)
axons (propagates impulses toward another neuron, muscle, or gland)
myelin sheath (lipid and protein covering over axon)
node of Ranvier (gaps between myelin sheaths)
synaptic end bulb (terminal point of a neuron)
126
____________ are usually half the volume of the CNS and are smaller than neurons but 5 to 50 times more numerous. They can also multiply and divide
neuroglia
127
The types of neuroglia in the CNS are _________ and __________ and in the PNS are ___________ cells
astrocytes (forms BBB, star shaped, most abundant cells in brain) and oligodendrocytes (support and insulate the axons); Schwann (helps conduct nerve impulses on axons)
128
Step by step depolarization and repolarization of adjacent segments of the plasma membrane are called ___________ conduction
continuous (travels down the whole unmyelinated neuron)
129
A special mode of impulse propagation along myelinated axons are called ___________ conduction
saltatory (nerve impulses jump between spaces in nodes of ranvier - faster than continuous)
130
The four major parts of the brain are ________ ________, __________, ___________, and _____________
brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain)
cerebellum (posterior to brain stem)
diencephalon (superior to brain stem - thalamus and hypothalamus)
cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
131
The ___________ envelope and cover the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and consists of the dura mater (most superficial), arachnoid mater (middle layer), and pia mater (delicate inner most layer)
meninges
132
___________ __________ ________ protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries
cerebral spinal fluid
133
T/F CSF is a clear colorless liquid that carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to the neurons/neuroglia
True
134
T/F CSF circulates in the arachnoid space
false, CSF circulates in the subarachnoid space (between arachnoid mater and pia mater)
135
_____________ study of the science, functions, diagnosis of disorders, and treatment of disorders involving the endocrine glands
endocrinology
136
___________ ____________ is a molecule that can bind to a specific hormone
hormone receptor
137
T/F target cells have 2000 - 100,000 specific receptors to recognize a particular hormone.
True
138
The mediator molecules that the nervous system uses to control body functions are called _____________
neurotransmitters
139
The mediator molecules used by the endocrine system to control body functions are called __________
hormones
140
Neurotransmitters perform their actions _______ to the site of release
close
141
Hormones perform their actions ________ from their site of release
far
142
The target cells for the nervous system include ________ cells (i.e. smooth, cardiac, and skeletal), _______, and other _________
muscle, glands, and neurons
143
The target cells for the endocrine system are all _________ of the body
cells
144
In the nervous system, actions typically take place within ________ of neurotransmitter release
milliseconds
145
T/F actions in the endocrine system can take a few seconds to days to occur after release of hormones
True
146
T/F actions tend to take longer in duration for the nervous system
False, it is more brief for nervous system
147
T/F Actions tend to take longer in duration for the endocrine system
True
148
_____________ are mediator molecules that are released in one part of the body but regulates activity of cells in other parts of the body
hormones
149
T/F most hormones enter the interstitial fluid, then the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, the cells travel to different areas of the body
True
150
T/F neurotransmitters are not hormones
False, several neurotransmitters are also hormones (norepinephrine)
151
What are the main functions of hormones?
1) regulate metabolism, contraction of muscles, glandular secretions
2) control growth and developement
3) regulate the reproductive systems
4) establish circadian rhythms
152
What is the supersystem?
The joining of the nervous and endocrine systems functioning together i.e. the nervous system can stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones and hormones can promote or inhibit the release of nerve impulses
153
____________ glands secrete their products into ducts that carry secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of organs, or outer surface of the body
exocrine
154
___________ glands secrete their hormones into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells
endocrine
155
T/F exocrine glands are associated with sudoriferous, sebaceous, mucous, and digestive
True
156
T/F endocrine glands deal more with the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal and other organs that secrete hormones
True
157
_________ regulation decreases the responsiveness of the target cell to the hormone
down (if there are excess hormones, the number of target cell receptors decrease)
158
___________ regulation makes a target cell more receptive to a specific hormone
up (when a hormone is deficient, the number of receptors may increase)
159
T/F circulating hormones act locally on neighboring cells or on cells that secreted them
False, they pass from secretory cells that make them into the interstitial fluid, then to the blood (majority of cells are this type)
160
___________ hormones act locally on neighboring cells or on same cells that secreted them without first entering the bloodstream
local
161
Local hormones also contain _________ and _________
paracrines (act on neighboring cells) and autocrines (act on same cell that secreted them)
162
____________ is connective tissue composed of a liquid matrix called plasma that dissolves and suspends cells/fragments
blood
163
The fluid that bathes the body cells is called?
interstitial fluid
164
_____________ is the percentage of total blood occupied by RBCs
hematocrit (males have higher count than females, menstruation lowers this, anemia as well)
165
______________ is an abnormally high percentage of RBCs
polycythemia
166
What causes polycythemia?
tissue hypoxia, dehydration, blood doping by athletes
167
__________ is a significant drop in hermatocrit
anemia
168
_________ is a hormone that controls red blood cell production
erythropoietin (EPO)
169
T/F hemopoiesis is the process by which formed elements of blood develop
True
170
____________ process by which macrophages or WBCs combat pathogens or dead RBCs
phagocytosis
171
WBCs leave the bloodstream via _________
emigration
172
Phagocytes are attracted to inflamed tissues through a process called _______
chemotaxis
173
The 3 main functions of blood are ____________, ______________, and ____________
transportation (of oxygen, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat, waste)
regulation (maintain homeostasis)
protection (clotting, wbcs, antibodies)
174
The blood is primarily comprised of two main components ___________ ___________ and _________ ____________
blood plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
175
_________ _________ _________ are biconcave discs with diameters of 7-8 micrometers
red blood cells
176
T/F RBCs plasma membranes are stiff and inflexible
false, they are flexible to allows rbcs to squeeze through capillaries
177
T/F RBCs lack a nucleus and organelles
true
178
T/F RBCs can multiply can reproduction and can carry out metabolic activitie
False, they cant reproduce or carry on metabolic activities
179
T/F Sympathetic is fight or flight and parasympathetic is rest and digest
true
180
T/F voltage gated channels trigger action potentials
true
181
T/F ependymal cells form CSF
true
182
________ channels help charged particles go through phospholipid bilayer
ion
183
The 5 different types of WBCs are?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (never let my engine blow - 60 30 8 3 0)
184
The narrowing and failure of the heart valve to open fully is called
stenosis
185
The incompetence or failure of a valve to close fully in the heart is called ?
insufficiency
186
An ________ ___________ is an excitable group of cells that cause a premature or extra heart beat outside the normal functioning rate
ectopic pacemaker
187
The triggers for ectopic pacemakers include:
caffeine, nicotine, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, toxic reactions to drugs
188
The phase of contraction of the heart is called?
systole
189
The phase of relaxation of the heart is called?
diastole
190
__________ is listening to sounds within the body
auscultation
191
An elevated resting heart rate is called?
tachycardia
192
___________ is a resting heart rate that is under 60 bpm
bradycardia
193
A problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat is called?
arrythmia
194
An enlarged heart is also known as _________
cardiomegaly
195
_________ is a decrease in the diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel
vasoconstriction
196
Vasoconstriction can occur due to?
sympathetic stimulation that causes smooth vessel to contract and when an artery is damaged which limits blood flow
197
____________ is an increase in the diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel
vasodilation (occurs when sympathetic stimulation decreases)
198
The union of the branches of two or more arteries supplying the same body region is called?
anastomoses
199
T/F anastomoses between arteries can provide alternate routes for blood to reach tissue or organ
True
200
An alternate route of blood flow is known as ___________ __________
collateral circulation
201
___________ also known as fainting is a sudden temporary loss of consciousness that is not due to head trauma
syncope
202
T/F the heart lies in the mediastinum (tissue between the sternum and vertebral column)
true
203
The heart about ______ __________ left of the midline
two thirds
204
____________ is the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
pericardium
205
The pericardium is made of two types called _________ and __________ pericardium
fibrous (tough and inelastic that prevents over-stretching of heart)
serous (thinner/more delicate made of parietal, visceral layers and pericardial fluid)
206
The 3 layers of the heart wall are ________, ___________, and _________
epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium), myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) and endocardium (smooth lining of the chambers of heart and valves)
207
List the different chambers of the heart
atria (superior, also contains pouchlike structures called auricle)
ventricles (inferior chambers)
sulci (grooves on surface of the heart that contain blood vessels)
right atrium (receives blood from superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus)
right ventricle (receives blood from right atrium)
left atrium (receives blood from lungs)
left ventricle (receives blood from left atrium)
208
T/F the right atrium contains tricuspid valve and the left atrium contains bicuspid valve
true
209
______ ___________ is the circulation of blood in the blood vessel of the heart muscle (myocardium)
coronary circulation
210
Describe the sequence of cardiac conduction
First goes to Sinoatrial (SA) node (undergoes depolarization and propagates through atria), then goes to Atrioventricular (AV) node (where action potentials are conducted from atria to ventricles, goes to right and left bundle branches (propagates action potentials through ventricles and interventricular septum to apex of heart), lastly goes to purkinje fibers to conduct action potentials from apex
211
Describe the journey of RBCs through the heart
enters the superior or inferior vena cava, goes to tricuspid valve on right ventricle, then pumped through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery and to the lungs, RBCs then give off CO2 and pick up oxygen, then enters left atrium and passes through mitral valve to flow into left ventricle, left ventricle pumps the oxygenated RBC into the aorta and out of the body
212
What are the 5 main types of blood vessels?
```
Arteries (carries blood away from heart)
arterioles (small arteries)
capillaries (tiny vessels that allow exchange of substances between blood and body tissues)
venules (very small veins)
veins (carry blood back to the heart)
```
213
12 cranial nerves and functions
Olfactory, optic, oculomotor (eyeball movement), trochlear (turns eye down), trigeminal (chewing), abducens (turn eye laterally), facial, vestibulocochlear (hearing), glossopharyngeal (taste), vagus (blood pressure), spinal accessory, hypoglossal (tongue movements) (oh, oh, oh, to, touch, and, feel, a, girls, vagina, so, hot)
(functions: some, say, marry, money, but, my, brother, says, big, brains, matter, most)
214
The network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels are called ______ _______
vaso vasorum
215
The 3 main tunics (coats) of the arteries are ________ __________, ________ _________, and _______ __________
tunica interna (lining of endothelium that makes contact with lumen and blood), tunica media (thickest layer and stretches), and tunica externa (outer coat, elastic, and collagen fibers)
216
___________ arteries propel blood forward while ventricles are relaxing
elastic
217
T/F blood stretches the walls of elastic arteries and this stretch can act as a pressure reservoir
true
218
Medium sized arteries are called __________ arteries
muscular
219
T/F muscular arteries contain less smooth muscle and more elastic fibers than elastic arteries
false, its the opposite
220
T/F muscular arteries are capable of greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation
true
221
T/F muscular arteries are also called distributing arteries because they distribute blood to various parts of the body
true
