Midterm Flashcards
Therapeutic Group
- increase members knowledge of themselves and others. 2. to help members clarify the changes they most wan to make in their lives 3. to provide members with the tools they need to make these changes 4. to support these changes.
Task Groups
- foster accomplishing and completing identified work goals
- do not focus on changing individuals
- committees, planning groups, community organizations, study groups, volunteer groups
- leader role: assist group to enhance performance and obtain predetermined goals
- clear purpose
- balance of process and content
- systems clear
- time taken to build a sense of community
- here and now
- feedback exchanged
- conflict addressed
psychoeducational groups
- to educate well-functioning group members
- GOAL- to prevent development of educational deficits and psychologist problems
- acquisition of new info
- learn no bxs
- adaptive skills
- personal growth skills
- training purposes
- present new information and how members can implement it (anger management groups)
- structured groups- focus on theme
Counseling Groups
Purpose: preventive, educational, growth oriented, & remedial.
Goals:
-To help members overcome usual problems of living.
-Personal growth, acquire new behaviors, resolution of specific short-term problems.
Aim is not to tx severe psychological & behavioral disorders.
Utilized methods of interactive feedback w/in here-and-now framework.
Leader model appropriate group bx
Leader help members establish personal goals
Group provides sample of reality
Individual problems may differ – struggle is universal
psychotherapy groups
Remediation of in-depth psychological problems- focuses on past influences of present difficulties.
-Acute or chronic mental or emotional disorders
Marked distress, impairment
-Explores past issues – connects historical information to present.
-Symptomatology
-Symptom relief
brief groups
-time limited
- have a preset time for termination,
-have a process orientation, and are
-professionally led.
- need clear group rules and structure
- not necessarily a type of group since many groups can be time limited
brief group counseling is popular because of the realistic time constraints and the ability of a brief format to be incorporated into both educations and therapeutic programs.
- Relevant because of economic pressures and shortage of resources
multicultural perspective on group work
Effective group work involves considering culture of participants.
Can’t ignore diversity in group work.
Must have awareness, knowledge, & skills to deal w/ diverse membership.
Cultural similarities & differences must be addressed.
diversity competence
deep understanding of self and culture
culturally competent group workers need to
- be aware of biases, stereotypes, prejudices
- know something about the members of the group
- able to apply skills and interventions that are congruent with worldviews’ of members
- Consider impact of adverse environmental factors in assessing problems.
- Be aware of how values & beliefs influence facilitation of group process.
- Roles of family & community hierarchies.
- Respect member’s religious & spiritual beliefs & values.
- Ethnicity & culture influence bx.
Best Practice Guidelines of ASGW
Professional competence in group work is not a final product, but a continuous process.
Keep current!
Be open to seeking professional counseling.
Seek ongoing consultation & supervision!
Characteristics of Effective Group Leaders
Courage Goodwill & caring Becoming aware of your culture Stamina Presence Openness Personal Power Willingness to seek new experiences
Group Leadership Skills
Clarifying Linking Suggesting Interpreting Facilitating Modeling Blocking Summarizing Terminating
Law and Ethics
Laws & ethical standards are based on:
Accepted societal norms, beliefs, customs, values.
Laws – More prescriptive than ethical standards, greater sanctions or penalties.
Laws dictate minimum standards of bx tolerated by society.
Ethics – ideal standards expected by profession.
2 kinds of ethical standards
Mandatory ethics: minimal adherence to standards
Aspirational ethics: “ought to dos” of counseling. Aspiring to highest standards; thinking about counselor’s influence & impact of counseling practices.
Meta-Ethical Principles
5 Moral principles – backbone of counseling ethical standards.
- Autonomy
- Beneficence
- Nonmaleficence
- Fidelity
- Justice
informed consent
Professional disclosure statement
Information to make informed decision
Members become aware of rights/responsibilities
Purposes, goals, nature of group
Possible outcomes
Professional preparation of group leader
Limits & exceptions to confidentiality
Role & responsibility of group leader & members
Policies re. psychoactive substance use.
Policies re. attendance, fees, insurance, time parameters
Protection of Group Members
Physical & psychological protection
Prepare members for group counseling:
Discuss change process
Disadvantages & advantages
Guidelines about how to participate in group process
Set ground rules about confidentiality & subgrouping
Prediction of stumbling blocks
Deliverance of feedback
Nonjudgmental
Self disclosure
Rationale for Preparing Group Members
Reduce extrinsic anxiety
- Group goals
- Unambiguous guidelines of appropriate bx
- Highly structured:
- –Psycho-educational component
- —-Promote free interaction
Confidentiality
Right to Privacy
Privacy: client’s right to determine extent of self-disclosure.
Confidentiality: fundamental obligation for counselors to maintain.
Cornerstone of trust
Not ABSOLUTE!!!
Tarasoff v. Board of Regents of the University of California
Exceptions
Privileged Communications
Privileged communications: communications between counselor & client are privileged.
Narrower concept
Privileged communication – counselor-client confidentiality is recognized in the context of raising a “privilege” against revealing information disclosed by client in confidence.
Client may choose to waive the privilege & reveal information on own.
Limits of the privilege:
- Duty to Warn and/or protect
- Duty to Report
- Legal concept of privileged communication does not apply to group/family counseling
- Privileged communication doesn’t extend where more than two persons are present
- All persons in group could be called to testify in court concerning information revealed to the group
Essential, critical for effective group work
- Difficult task
- Model importance
- Explain importance (members to keep one another’s confidences)
- Sign agreements agreeing to confidentiality
Group Process
GROUP PROCESS: Dynamics & norms that guide & structure the group.
Interpersonal relationships Patterns of relating Emergence of conflict - Manifestation of member resistance Intermember feedback Level of cohesion Generation of trust Healing power developed in group
Various stages of group’s development
Longer the group, less time focusing on content issues
group content
GROUP CONTENT: What actually happens in group.
Actual words, ideas, and exchange of information
Group techniques –
Leader interventions to facilitate movement
Suggesting new bx, offering feedback, presenting hunches, interpretations, homework assignments, etc
Group techniques: leader interventions-targeted at facilitating momentum & forward progression.
content question
what do we have to do?
what do we need to dot o accomplish our goals?
process questions
who am I?
who am I with you?
who are we together?
Yalom’s Therapeutic Factors: 11 Primary Factors
Instillation of Hope Universiality imparting of information socializing techniques imitative behaviors interpersonal training altruism Catharsis Corrective Recapitulation of primary family group existential factors group cohesiveness
Yalom: Instillation of hope
Faith in treatment process
Conveying sense of assurance that tx will work
Increase belief & confidence of efficacy
Yalom: Universiality
Search out similarities
-compare symptoms and problem constellations
sharing of common denominators
perceive commonalities
Yalom:Imparting Information
Didactic, Explicit Instruction
- nature of illness/life situations
- examine misconceptions
- transfer information-providing information re. academinc, career, personal/social, mental health, mental illness, etc.
- imparting information re. healthy living
- -how to function more effectively
Yalom:Corrective Recapitulation of Primary Family Group
Therapy Groups resembles family units -authority figures -peer/sibling roles -personal revelations -strong emotions/deep intimacy hostile/competitive emotions interact w/in family structure -dependent role -defy co-therapists -split co-therapist- incite disagreements/rivalry -compete with other members -complacent/selfless-neglect own interests/needs fixed roles must be explored/challenged work though unfinished business ground rules established -testing new behaviors -investigation of relationships
Yalom:Development of Socializing Techniques
social learning
- direct/explicit—-friendship group
- indirect—-encourage open feedback, conflict resolution, how to be nonjudgmental, experience and express empathy
Feedback facilitates learning about desirability of one’s behaviors
effective socialization skills necessary to function successfully
Yalom: Interpersonal Learning
social microcosm
- recreate and display pathology in group
- bidirectional
- adaptive spiral- interpersonal distortions diminish-ability to form rewarding relationships
- social anxiety reduces- self esteem rises
Yalom: Imitative Behavior
- members imitate each other
- -learn from each other
- -vicarious or spectator therapy-observe therapy of another member
- experiment with new behaviors
Yalom: Group Cohesiveness
Cohesiveness”condition of members feeling warmth and comfort int he group feeling they belong, valuing the group and feeling, in turn, that they are valued and unconditionally accepted and supported by other members”
Necessary for other therapeutic factors Sense of belonging Attraction – toward group & members Members are supportive & accepting Better attendance, greater participation, less turnover, more stable Great influenceability
Yalom: Altruism
Act of helping; giving to others
Need to feel needed
Act of transcending ourselves
Begin therapy feeling: worthless, nothing of value – altruistic acts increase self-esteem/self-worth
Giving of oneself & working toward common good of group
Yalom: Catharsis
Greek word “purgation” “cleansing” “purification.”
Defined by Aristotle “emotional cleansing.”
Expression of deep emotions/affect – related to past.
Process involves bringing repressed ideas, feelings, & memories into consciousness.
Process of releasing emotions, “freeing oneself” through activities/experiences.
Writing
Theatre
Talking
Group must be perceived as safe/supportive to permit risk-taking
Yalom: Existential Issues
Rooted in existence
“Attitude toward the human being” (Yalom,
1995, p. 91)
Not technique-driven
A philosophy applied to psychology & therapy
Psychological roots w/ Frankl & May after WWII
Ultimate concerns of existence: -Death -Isolation -Freedom -Meaninglessness Existential issues realized as members: Consider important & sometimes painful truths about: --life, mortality & unpredictability of existence
mental health and existentialism
Healthy (freedom, authenticity, congruence, being, search for meaning)
Unhealthy (conformity, alienation, fragmentation, having, search for happiness)
goals of existential psychotherapy
self recognition of how one can lead fully authentic life
choices that can lead to more authentic life
confront anxieties that have been avoided
help members take responsibility and transition from ‘victim role’
Why is theory important
general framework
sense of direction
rationale to counselor’s actions, decisions
starting point and understanding of therapeutic process
enhance understanding of group process
theory selection is extension of your personality
integral part of the person you are
congruent with behaviors, personality, cultural background, status, life experiences, etc.
counselors outcomes
40% of outcomes based on – factors in clt’s life that facilitate change.
30% of outcomes variables – relationship factors.
Caring, warmth, empathy.
Specific bxs transpire between counselor & client.
15% of outcome variance – expectancy & placebo effects.
Client’s belief that healing is possible.
If, they have faith in therapeutic process.
15% outcome variance – techniqes/models
Specific theory least important factor.
integrative approach to group practice
Technical eclectism/integration: Collection of techniques from various theories.
Theoretical integration: A conceptual creation beyond a mere blending of techniques.
technical integration
focus on differences, uses techniques drawn from many approaches, and is based on a systematic selection of techniques
