Midterm Flashcards
Half of the world’s population, if not more, is bilingual (T/F)
true
About 35% of the U.S. population is bilingual (T/F)
False - 23% of the U.S. Population is
Majority of Bilinguals do not have equal fluency in their languages (T/F)
True - No such thing as a balanced bilingual
Weinreich (1968) and Mackey (2000) consider that ______ is a defining factor of bilingualism
Language Use
A bilingual’s language history is ____
Complex, dynamic and has moments of stability
Another term for “language loss” is:
Language Attrition
What is The complementary principle
that a language is used in different domains (Grojean 1997)
A person’s first language (L1) or mother tongue is always the bilinguals’ dominant language (T/F)
False
Language mode is defined as the state of activation of the bilingual’s languages and language processing mechanisms at a given point in time. Does Grosjean assume that language mode is categorical, and binary? (Yes or No)
No
If we were to present stimuli in an experiment that elicited the processing of code-switching, we would be eliciting
Bilingual Mode
The factors which determine language choice are organized into the following categories:
participants, situation, content of discourse, and function of the interaction
Code-switching is the integration of one language into another, that is, one language is part and subordinate to the other. (T/F)
False
What is not a reason for code-switching (Marking group identity, using correct word or expression, semilingualism, including/excluding someone)
Semilingualism
A bilingual individual is necessarily bicultural (T/F)
False
The context in which the speech situation is taking place and the information about what has been said is called “bottom-up” information (T/F)
False
The mental representation refers to the enriched meaning of what has been said(T/F)
True
Spoken language processing takes place in parallel, on-line, and in an interactive fashion (T/F)
True
Nonselective processing can be elicited with the use of homophones, homographs, and cognates in the experimental stimuli (T/F)
True
Top down factors include:
The interlocutor and the context of the speech situation
The base language is more strongly activated and is generally favored over the guest-language in bilingual discourse (T/F)
True
Li (1996) shows that guest words pronounced as code-switches provide phonetic cues to the listener and as a result they are easier to identify tan when they are pronounced as borrowings (T/F)
True
For bilinguals, speech in one language is transmitted to both language systems and other sources of information also feed into both systems (T/F)
True
What are the three main components of speech production
Conceptualization, formulation, articulation
At the level of articulation, the production process occurs in a ___
cascade
in the initial stages of word selection bilinguals are not able to prevent their L1 from interfering with the production of their L2 (T/F)
True ; The results in Bongaerts, De Bot, and Schreuder (1998)
The idea that code-switches will tend to occur at points in the discourse where the juxtaposition of L1 and L2 elements does not violate a syntactic rule in either language is known as:
equivalence constraint
spreading activation
the memory representations of its constituent parts are activated first and then send their activation on to higher-level representations in the word-recognition system. The activation is transmitted along connections formed between these various types of memory representations during past reading practice. This transmission of activation along memory connections is usually called “spreading activation.”
Interlexical Homographs
words with the same written form but different meanings in the two languages of the bilingual
Cognates are like interlexical homographs, except the forms of the cognates overlap largely but not completely between the languages (T/F)
False
Anaphora:
Words that refer to persons and things expressed before, such as “he” and “They”
the use of a word referring to or replacing a word used earlier in a sentence, to avoid repetition, such as do in I like it and so do they.(From the Google)
Bilingual word recognition is _______
nonselective
The stimulus materials in Beauvillain and Grainger’s experiment may have put the participants in a bilingual mode, and as a result activating both language subsystems (T/F)
True
language-selective word recognition
Selective activation of knowledge units belonging to the target language during word recognition
The occurrence of a homograph effect depends on whether the target language is the stronger or weaker of the participants’ two languages (T/F)
True - Jared and Szucs (2002)
Interlexical homograph studies have shown that the occurrence of a homograph effect DOES NOT necessarily depend on:
age of acquisition of participants
IntrAlexical Neighborhood
the set of words that all share a substantial part of their form (say three letters out of four) with the target word, target and neighbors all belonging to the same language.
L2 proficiency appears to be a more important determinant of L2 sentence processing than age of acquisition
True
Evidence from only same-alphabet bilingualism has shown that visually presented words may give rise to automatic phonological activation in the nontarget language subsystem (T/F)
False
Inter-subject or Between-subject studies
In bilingual writing research, the comparison of bilinguals’ L2 writing with monolinguals’ L1 writing
Bilingual writing is a dynamic process that is implemented in a ______ fashion
cyclical
During which subprocess do writers transform the content of their intended message into language?
Formulation
What does it mean for the writing process to be recursive or cyclical?
some processes are activated and others deactivated depending on the specific moment in the composing process
Studies have shown that when L1-dominant bilingual writers write in their L2, most of their attentional resources and writing time are devoted to formulating their texts (T/F)
True
In addition to a set of cognitive-affective factors (including motivation, the need to overcome cognitive load, or the language in which knowledge is stored), the use of the L1 is socially mediated give than L2 writers are influenced by__________
what is values and promoted in their social writing networks
Research on L2 writing skills requires the combined analysis of several variables, such as:
language proficiency, writing expertise, and educational experience
Multicompetent writers do not acquire the ability to produce their texts by controlling and purposefully choosing what they consider to be the most appropriate elements from their knowledge sources, but just simply transfer writing features across languages (T/F)
False
Reasons we should learn second languages (3)
Cognitive/Neurological Advantages, Social and Economic Benefits
Dominant Bilingual
Bilinguals who are dominant in one language, the term ‘dominance’ may not apply to all domains.
Subordinate Language
The less dominant language
Attrition:
Bilinguals who are gradually losing competence in one language because of lack in use
Age of Acquisition
important descriptor for bilingualism, earlier is better, findings on relationship between age and language proficiency at various linguistic levels.
Domains of Language Use:
Interlocutors, place/location, topic
Interlocutor
a person who takes part in a dialogue or conversation
in bilingualism: a language relationship tends to evolve naturally. And once established, it is usually not easy to alter
code-switching
shifting completely between languages
borrowing
integration of one language into another
code-mixing
particular to child language development
static interference:
ES: permanent traces of one language on the
other (phonetics/phonology, syntax)
dynamic interference
linked to processing, may be due to emotion, stress or fatigue (not due to the state of knowledge of the two languages)
Formal Competence
Knowledge of abstract rules of grammar
Communicative competence
knowledge and ability to use a language in social contexts
Bottom-Up information
information contained in the speech signal (Speech input)
Top-down Information
contect, previous knowledge, information, etc.
mental dictionary
the words stored in our lexicon
conceptualization
The speaker must choose and organize the
information that needs to be expressed based on
what the listener already knows
Formulation
lots of disagreement in the field as to waht goes on but basically this is where we select words, morphemes and such and arrange them into given phrases
Articulation
speech plan is executed by means of the speaker’s articulatory apparatus (cascading fashion, plan while we are speaking)
What are some factors that affect activation:
Languages involved, general context, context of the study, other people present, topic, stimuli, experimental task
Voice onset time (VOT)
relative timing of the release of the air for a stop consonant and the onset of phonation (voicing) of a following vowel
selective proccessing
input in one language should only activate the target language
non selective
linguistic input in one language can induce coactivation of both languages.
