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APLX 102 - Bilingualism > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Half of the world’s population, if not more, is bilingual (T/F)

A

true

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2
Q

About 35% of the U.S. population is bilingual (T/F)

A

False - 23% of the U.S. Population is

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3
Q

Majority of Bilinguals do not have equal fluency in their languages (T/F)

A

True - No such thing as a balanced bilingual

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4
Q

Weinreich (1968) and Mackey (2000) consider that ______ is a defining factor of bilingualism

A

Language Use

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5
Q

A bilingual’s language history is ____

A

Complex, dynamic and has moments of stability

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6
Q

Another term for “language loss” is:

A

Language Attrition

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7
Q

What is The complementary principle

A

that a language is used in different domains (Grojean 1997)

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8
Q

A person’s first language (L1) or mother tongue is always the bilinguals’ dominant language (T/F)

A

False

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9
Q

Language mode is defined as the state of activation of the bilingual’s languages and language processing mechanisms at a given point in time. Does Grosjean assume that language mode is categorical, and binary? (Yes or No)

A

No

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10
Q

If we were to present stimuli in an experiment that elicited the processing of code-switching, we would be eliciting

A

Bilingual Mode

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11
Q

The factors which determine language choice are organized into the following categories:

A

participants, situation, content of discourse, and function of the interaction

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12
Q

Code-switching is the integration of one language into another, that is, one language is part and subordinate to the other. (T/F)

A

False

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13
Q

What is not a reason for code-switching (Marking group identity, using correct word or expression, semilingualism, including/excluding someone)

A

Semilingualism

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14
Q

A bilingual individual is necessarily bicultural (T/F)

A

False

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15
Q

The context in which the speech situation is taking place and the information about what has been said is called “bottom-up” information (T/F)

A

False

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16
Q

The mental representation refers to the enriched meaning of what has been said(T/F)

A

True

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17
Q

Spoken language processing takes place in parallel, on-line, and in an interactive fashion (T/F)

A

True

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18
Q

Nonselective processing can be elicited with the use of homophones, homographs, and cognates in the experimental stimuli (T/F)

A

True

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19
Q

Top down factors include:

A

The interlocutor and the context of the speech situation

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20
Q

The base language is more strongly activated and is generally favored over the guest-language in bilingual discourse (T/F)

A

True

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21
Q

Li (1996) shows that guest words pronounced as code-switches provide phonetic cues to the listener and as a result they are easier to identify tan when they are pronounced as borrowings (T/F)

A

True

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22
Q

For bilinguals, speech in one language is transmitted to both language systems and other sources of information also feed into both systems (T/F)

A

True

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23
Q

What are the three main components of speech production

A

Conceptualization, formulation, articulation

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24
Q

At the level of articulation, the production process occurs in a ___

A

cascade

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25
Q

in the initial stages of word selection bilinguals are not able to prevent their L1 from interfering with the production of their L2 (T/F)

A

True ; The results in Bongaerts, De Bot, and Schreuder (1998)

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26
Q

The idea that code-switches will tend to occur at points in the discourse where the juxtaposition of L1 and L2 elements does not violate a syntactic rule in either language is known as:

A

equivalence constraint

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27
Q

spreading activation

A

the memory representations of its constituent parts are activated first and then send their activation on to higher-level representations in the word-recognition system. The activation is transmitted along connections formed between these various types of memory representations during past reading practice. This transmission of activation along memory connections is usually called “spreading activation.”

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28
Q

Interlexical Homographs

A

words with the same written form but different meanings in the two languages of the bilingual

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29
Q

Cognates are like interlexical homographs, except the forms of the cognates overlap largely but not completely between the languages (T/F)

A

False

30
Q

Anaphora:

A

Words that refer to persons and things expressed before, such as “he” and “They”

the use of a word referring to or replacing a word used earlier in a sentence, to avoid repetition, such as do in I like it and so do they.(From the Google)

31
Q

Bilingual word recognition is _______

A

nonselective

32
Q

The stimulus materials in Beauvillain and Grainger’s experiment may have put the participants in a bilingual mode, and as a result activating both language subsystems (T/F)

A

True

33
Q

language-selective word recognition

A

Selective activation of knowledge units belonging to the target language during word recognition

34
Q

The occurrence of a homograph effect depends on whether the target language is the stronger or weaker of the participants’ two languages (T/F)

A

True - Jared and Szucs (2002)

35
Q

Interlexical homograph studies have shown that the occurrence of a homograph effect DOES NOT necessarily depend on:

A

age of acquisition of participants

36
Q

IntrAlexical Neighborhood

A

the set of words that all share a substantial part of their form (say three letters out of four) with the target word, target and neighbors all belonging to the same language.

37
Q

L2 proficiency appears to be a more important determinant of L2 sentence processing than age of acquisition

A

True

38
Q

Evidence from only same-alphabet bilingualism has shown that visually presented words may give rise to automatic phonological activation in the nontarget language subsystem (T/F)

A

False

39
Q

Inter-subject or Between-subject studies

A

In bilingual writing research, the comparison of bilinguals’ L2 writing with monolinguals’ L1 writing

40
Q

Bilingual writing is a dynamic process that is implemented in a ______ fashion

A

cyclical

41
Q

During which subprocess do writers transform the content of their intended message into language?

A

Formulation

42
Q

What does it mean for the writing process to be recursive or cyclical?

A

some processes are activated and others deactivated depending on the specific moment in the composing process

43
Q

Studies have shown that when L1-dominant bilingual writers write in their L2, most of their attentional resources and writing time are devoted to formulating their texts (T/F)

A

True

44
Q

In addition to a set of cognitive-affective factors (including motivation, the need to overcome cognitive load, or the language in which knowledge is stored), the use of the L1 is socially mediated give than L2 writers are influenced by__________

A

what is values and promoted in their social writing networks

45
Q

Research on L2 writing skills requires the combined analysis of several variables, such as:

A

language proficiency, writing expertise, and educational experience

46
Q

Multicompetent writers do not acquire the ability to produce their texts by controlling and purposefully choosing what they consider to be the most appropriate elements from their knowledge sources, but just simply transfer writing features across languages (T/F)

A

False

47
Q

Reasons we should learn second languages (3)

A

Cognitive/Neurological Advantages, Social and Economic Benefits

48
Q

Dominant Bilingual

A

Bilinguals who are dominant in one language, the term ‘dominance’ may not apply to all domains.

49
Q

Subordinate Language

A

The less dominant language

50
Q

Attrition:

A

Bilinguals who are gradually losing competence in one language because of lack in use

51
Q

Age of Acquisition

A

important descriptor for bilingualism, earlier is better, findings on relationship between age and language proficiency at various linguistic levels.

52
Q

Domains of Language Use:

A

Interlocutors, place/location, topic

53
Q

Interlocutor

A

a person who takes part in a dialogue or conversation

in bilingualism: a language relationship tends to evolve naturally. And once established, it is usually not easy to alter

54
Q

code-switching

A

shifting completely between languages

55
Q

borrowing

A

integration of one language into another

56
Q

code-mixing

A

particular to child language development

57
Q

static interference:

A

ES: permanent traces of one language on the
other (phonetics/phonology, syntax)

58
Q

dynamic interference

A

linked to processing, may be due to emotion, stress or fatigue (not due to the state of knowledge of the two languages)

59
Q

Formal Competence

A

Knowledge of abstract rules of grammar

60
Q

Communicative competence

A

knowledge and ability to use a language in social contexts

61
Q

Bottom-Up information

A

information contained in the speech signal (Speech input)

62
Q

Top-down Information

A

contect, previous knowledge, information, etc.

63
Q

mental dictionary

A

the words stored in our lexicon

64
Q

conceptualization

A

The speaker must choose and organize the
information that needs to be expressed based on
what the listener already knows

65
Q

Formulation

A

lots of disagreement in the field as to waht goes on but basically this is where we select words, morphemes and such and arrange them into given phrases

66
Q

Articulation

A

speech plan is executed by means of the speaker’s articulatory apparatus (cascading fashion, plan while we are speaking)

67
Q

What are some factors that affect activation:

A

Languages involved, general context, context of the study, other people present, topic, stimuli, experimental task

68
Q

Voice onset time (VOT)

A

relative timing of the release of the air for a stop consonant and the onset of phonation (voicing) of a following vowel

69
Q

selective proccessing

A

input in one language should only activate the target language

70
Q

non selective

A

linguistic input in one language can induce coactivation of both languages.

APLX 102 - Bilingualism (1 decks)

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