Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SOWK 506 Midterm > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Measurement Validity

A

When the measure measures what we think it measures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Generalizability

A

The extent to which info gleaned can be used to inform about population as whole (External validity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causal validity

A

Internal Validity - when hypothesis that A causes B is correct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 Stages of forming a good research question

A
  1. identifying 2. refining 3. feasible?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Theory

A

logical interraled set of proportions about empirical reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

observed data –> generalization which explains relationships between objects observed
(QUALITATIVE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

theory –> hypothesis –> define variables and operations –> implement measurements and observations to see if they confirm/fail hypothesis
(QUANTITATIVE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dependent Variable

A

variable that DEPENDS on another variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Positive Association/Correlation

A

going in the same direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Negative Association/Correlation

A

going in different directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Theoretical Statement

A

social networks positively influence psychological wellbeing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Moderating Variable

A

Variable that influences relationship between variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mediating Variable

A

Variable that explains the relationship between variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Problem Formulation

A
  1. Problem area (something you are interested in). 2. Idea (what are concepts and possible variations)
  2. Theory (how are concepts related to each other)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Operationalization

A

How we measure variables included in a study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Direct Measurements

A

Visual, physical symptoms, interviews, self-administered questionnaire, written records

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Indirect Measurements

A

Unobtrusive/Indirect observations, content analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nominal Measurement

A

categories: types of vanilla, milk, etc. (when you can’t order other things) (gender, ethnicity, religion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ordinal Measurement

A

No measureable distance between values, Taste Test: rating of 1-5 (social class, racism, sexism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Interval/Ratio

A

measureable distance between values, based on absolute zero, degrees, etc. (meaningful intervals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Discrete variable

A

cannot take on all values within the limits (ex: 1, 2, 3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Continuous variable

A

variable can take on any variable (ex: 1, 1.25, 1.45, 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Measurement Error

A
  1. Systematic (social desirability, acquiescence bias, leading questions)
  2. Random (why respondents feel that way that day, regression to the mean, multiple rating behr’s, inadequate training)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Reliability

A

The measurement is consistent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Validity

A

The results are accurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Test/Re-Test Reliability

A

same result after multiple trials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Inter-rater reliability vs. Intra-rater reliability

A

correlation between 2 raters (inter) single observer of 2 pts in time (intra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sampling

A

Random (probability) and Non-random (non-probability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Population

A

The entire set of individuals or other entities to which study findings are generalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sample

A

Subset of population used to study whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Sampling Frame

A

Structure for choosing sample (ex: list of Loyola students)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sampling Units

A

units listed at each stage of multi-stage sampling design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Units of analysis

A

from whom or what are you collecting data (ex: individuals, households, orgs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Ecological Fallacy

A

making a generalization based on a small sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Representative Sample

A

looks like population from which it was selected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Unrepresentative Sample

A

doesn’t look like the population from which it was selected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Census

A

a study of the entire population (assumes perfect response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Sample population generalizability

A

if sample is generalizable to the target population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cross-population generalizability

A

If sample cannot be generalized to target population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Sampling Error

A

Any diff between characteristics of a sample and characteristics of population from which it was drawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Recruitment Strategies for Diverse Populations

A
  1. involve key members of community/orgs
  2. demonstrate benefits to community
  3. understand cultural barriers
  4. train interviewers
  5. go where potential participants are
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Simple Random Sampling

A

identifies cases on basis of chance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Systematic Random Sampling

A

random sampling where first element randomly chosen and every nth after

44
Q

Stratified Random Sampling

A

elements distinguished according to value (ex: pie chart on race) - can be proportionate or disproportionate

45
Q

Cluster Sampling

A

select one group, then another group within that group, etc. (useful when sampling frame unavailable)

46
Q

Availability Sampling

A

Non-random: convenience sampling - whoever is there

47
Q

Quota Sampling

A

Non-random: preset # based on elements of population (purposely picking people out)

48
Q

Purposive Sampling

A

Non-random: each element selected for a purpose usually b/c of unique position of a sample elements (ex: survivors of sibling violence)

49
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Non-random: identify one member who identifies another member, etc.

50
Q

Sampling Error Rule

A

larger sample size = less sampling error, except homogenous population can have smaller sample

51
Q

Replication

A

duplicating a study to see if the same evidence and conclusions are produced

52
Q

Empirical

A

valuation of observation-based evidence

53
Q

Straw person argument

A

someone attacks a particular position by distorting it in a way that makes it easier to attack

54
Q

Ad Hominem Attack

A

tries to discredit the person making the argument rather than the argument itself

55
Q

Bandwagon appeal

A

when new interventions promoted on their new-ness

56
Q

Evidence-Based Practice

A

a process in which practioners make practice decisions in light of the best research evidence available

57
Q

Process of EBP

A
  1. Formulate a Question
  2. Search for Evidence
  3. Critically Appraise the Relevant Studies
  4. Determine Which EBP Intervention is most appropriate
  5. Apply Evidence-based interventions
  6. Evaluation and Feedback
58
Q

Randomized Clinical Trials

A

experiments that use random means (coin toss) to assign clients who share similar problems or diagnoses into groups to receive different interventions

59
Q

Paradigm

A

a fundamental model or scheme that organizes our observations and makes sense of them

60
Q

Postmodernism

A

paradigm that rejects the notion of an objective reality and of objective standards of truth and logical reasoning associated with scientific methods

61
Q

Contemporary Positivism

A

paradigm that there is an objective answer to the question of what really happened

62
Q

Interpretivism

A

paradigm that doesn’t focus on isolating and objectively measuring causes or on developing generalizations

63
Q

Critical social science

A

paradigm that views social life as a struggle among competing individuals and groups

64
Q

Independent Variable

A

variable that explains or causes something

65
Q

Idiographic model

A

when trying to explain a person’s behavior by enumerating the many reasons for it

66
Q

Nomothetic model

A

Instead of understand person as fully as possible, try to understand general phenomenon partially

67
Q

Anchor Points

A

pieces of information about the various places you might be able to find a particular participant (phone tracking, mail tracking, agency tracking, field tracking)

68
Q

Linguistic Equivalence

A

translation equivalence - when an instrument has been translated into another language successfully

69
Q

Back-translation

A

When bilingual person translates instrument and instructions into target language

70
Q

Forward-translation

A

several bilingual people examine both version to ascertain whether both versions contain same conceptual meanings

71
Q

Conceptual equivalence

A

instrument and observed behr’s have same meanings across cultures

72
Q

Metric equivalence

A

psychometric equivalence/scalar equivalence - scores on a measure are comparable across cultures

73
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

research studies that examine some phenomenon by taking a cross section of it at one time and analyzing that cross section carefully

74
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

studies intended to describe processes occurring over time and conduct observations over an extended period

75
Q

Trend Studies

A

studies that study changes within some general population over time

76
Q

panel attrition

A

some respondents who are studied in first wave may not participate later

77
Q

Reductionism

A

overly strict limitation on the kinds of concepts and variables to be considered as the causes in examining a broad range of human behavior

78
Q

Conceptualization

A

refining and specifying abstract concepts

79
Q

attributes

A

concepts that make up a broader concept

80
Q

curvilinear relationship

A

one in which the nature of the relationship changes at certain levels of the variables

81
Q

extraneous variables

A

alternative explanations for relationships that are observed between independent and dependent variables

82
Q

Moderating variables

A

variables that affect the strength or direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

83
Q

Spurious relationship

A

one that no longer exists when third variable introduced

84
Q

Categories of operationalizing variables

A
  1. self-reports
  2. direct observation
  3. available records
85
Q

Systematic error

A

when information collected reflects a false picture of the concept we seek to measure because of way data is collected or dynamics of those who are providing the data

86
Q

Triangulation

A

using several different research methods to collect data in order to decrease systematic error

87
Q

Internal Consistency Reliability

A

a method that assumes that the instrument contains multiple items

88
Q

Face validity

A

if the measure pertains to concepts being measured

89
Q

Content validity

A

does the measure cover the full range of the concept’s meaning?

90
Q

Known-groups validity

A

Criterion validity: when scores on measurement are similar to already validated or other measures

91
Q

Construct validity

A

measure is related to other measurements as specified in the theory

92
Q

Convergent validity

A

exists when you can show a relationships between two measures of the same construct

93
Q

Discriminant validity

A

when measures correspond highly to similar measures of similar constructs

94
Q

Factorial validity

A

how many different constructs a scale measures and whether the number of constructs and the items that make up those constructs are what the researcher intends

95
Q

Likert Scale

A

strongly agree, agree, disagree

96
Q

Semantic Differential

A

Asking about two opposite positions

97
Q

Univariate Analysis

A

the examination of the distribution of cases on only one variable at a time

98
Q

frequency distribution

A

the number of times the various attributes are observed in a sample

99
Q

Standard deviation

A

bell-curve, how similar to the curve

100
Q

Bivariate analysis

A

an analysis that examines the relationship between two variables

101
Q

Contingency tables

A

values of the dependent variable are contingent on values of the independent variable

102
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

when statistics are reported to DESCRIBE the relationships among the variables in a sample

103
Q

Inferential statistics

A

when statistics go beyond just describing a set of sample observations and attempt to make INFERENCES about causes processes or about a larger population

104
Q

Mail Surveys - ADV/DISADV

A

ADV: cheaper and quicker that interview, large samples, anonymous
DISADV: expensive, time consuming, lower response rate

105
Q

Online Surveys - ADV/DISADV

A

ADV: inexpensive, not time-consuming, large samples, automatic data entry, anonymity, fast
DISADV: under-representative of poor, elders, lower response than face-to-face

106
Q

Face to Face Interviews - ADV/DISADV

A

ADV: high response rate, more info collected - fewer missing items, opportunity to clarify, observe, probe
DISADV: more expensive, time-consuming, physical appearance bias, lack of anonymity

107
Q

Telephone Surveys - ADV/DISADV

A

ADV: less expensive, less time-consuming, no physical appearance bias, fewer missing items, opportunity to clarify, interviewer safety, computer-assistance possible
DISADV: unlisted numbers, cell phone regularity, easy of hanging up, caller ID

SOWK 506 Midterm (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions