midterm Flashcards
*what makes the carbon different from other molecules?
it can form up to 4 bonds
*which elements can it form the bonds with?
mostly carbon ( most stable), hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen but also phosphorus and sulfur
.what are functional groups?
is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always has the same chemical properties and therefore always reacts in the same way, regardeless of tthe carbon skelteon to which it’s attachted to.
*true or false: carbon is the skeleton/ backbone of an organic molecule.
true
What are the four biomolecules
Carbs, lipids, proteins and nuevlic acids
Why are lipids not polymers?
Because they contain two different subunits, glycerol & fatty acids
Enzymes
: A) not consumed in reaction , B) not changed by the reaction, C) catalysts.
Carbs are in a ———- ratio
1:2:1
list hexoses and pentoses
glucose ( blood sugar), fructose(fruit sugar) and glactose (sugar in diary) are the hexoses monosaccharides for carbs./ ribose and dexyribose( sugars in dna) = pentoses.
what is the function of cellulose
Cellulose fibrils are in a criss- cross formation in plants for extra strength and rigidity.
differentiate saturated and unsaturated
saturated: single bonds only, solid at room temperature
unsaturated: one or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature
Why do unsaturated fats melt faster
The reason is that a double bond creates a KINK in the fatty acid chain that prevents close parking between the hydrocarbon chain.
what is cholesterol
. Cholesterol is an essential component of an animal cell’s plasma membrane, where it provides physical stability. *Cholesterol is the precursor of several other steroids, such as the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen
what are steroids
Four fused carbon rings
what kind of bond is peptide
covalent
structure of amino acid
R | H3N+ - C - COO- | H
what is the central C in amino acid structure called
alpha carbon
in a dipeptide bond, how many bonds are there?
One bond and 2 amino acids
Which amino acids contain sulfur?
Cysteine and Methionine
True/ false: The denaturing causes the break of a peptide bond
false
what are the 9 essential amino acids
Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from food.
The 9 essential amino acids are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
what are prions
a type of protein that can trigger normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally.
what are the functions of proteins
1- metabolism
2-support
3-transport
4-defense
5-regulation
6-motion
7-nutrient and storage
what is TSEs
Fatal brain diseases ;Transmissible spongiform encephalopathi
what is DNA
Genetic material that stores information for its own replication and for the sequence of amino acids in proteins
what are purines
Adenine & guanine
what are pyrimidines?
Thymine in DNA, uracil in RNA and cytosine.
What is a nucleosome
a structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones.
what is the backbone of nucleic acid composed of
The backbone of the nucleic acid strand is composed of alternating sugar-phosphate molecules.
T or F: .”The number of A + G (purines) always equals the number of T + C (pyrimidines).
true
what is central dogma
genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein.
One if the main differences between DNA and RNA:
Carbon molecule in the pentose sugar base, 2nd one, in rna its bonded to OH and in DNA its bonded to H
how many bonds between A&T and G&C
Double bond between A& T, triple bond between G& C
what is ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups.
what is a chromatosome
A nucleosome plus the h1 histone
when is a polypeptide a protein
when its folded
what is the difference between glycogen and insulin
In the liver, the insulin allows for glucose to be made into glycogen. Glycogen is stored glucose that is broken down when the body needs energy. Insulin also prevents the production of glucose from other nutrients.
LDL Vs. HDL
high-density lipoproteins are better than low-density lipoproteins
what is the function of micelles
They help the small intestine to absorb essential lipids and vitamins from the liver and gall bladder. They also carry complex lipids such as lecithin and lipid soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) to the small intestine.
what is chylomicron
are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body.
what is hydrogenation
saturating some double bonds and converting others to trans configuration in order to provide a firm firmness and plasticity to shortenings, thereby, enabling the production of solid and semi-solid fats.
