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PMLS 2nd sem > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

ORDER OF CHAIN OF INFECTION

A

INFECTIOUS AGENT, RESERVOIR, PORTAL OF EXIT, MODE OF TRANSMISSION, PORTAL OF ENTRY, SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

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2
Q
  • Causative agent.
  • Can be any disease causing microorganism or pathogen.
  • Can be bacteria, virus, fungi or parasite
  • It is located in the reservoir
A

INFECTIOUS AGENT

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3
Q
  • Where microorganism normally lives and reproduces
  • Habitat where reagent commonly lives, grows and multiplies
  • May/may not be source from which reagent is transferred to a host
A

RESERVOIR

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4
Q
  • Route of escape of the pathogen coming from reservoir
  • Path na tutunguhin to leave its host
A

PORTAL OF EXIT

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5
Q

T OR F. portal of exit corresponds with side opposite of where pathogen is glutanized

A

FALSE.- Usually corresponds with the side where pathogen is glutanized

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6
Q

Once the organism/infectious agent is liberated from reservoir towards the portal of exit, it can now be transmitted by

A

way of route of transmission

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7
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION

A
  • Can be: direct and indirect
  • Direct
     Direct contact
     droplet spread
  • Indirect
     Airborne
     Vehicle borne
     Vector borne
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8
Q
  • In direct transmission, an infectious agent is transferred from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread.
A

DIRECT

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9
Q
  • occurs through skin to skin contact, kissing and sexual intercourse
  • also direct contact with soil or vegetation harbouring organisms
A

DIRECT CONTACT

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10
Q
  • refers to spray with relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, couging or even talking
  • b
A

DROPLET SPREAD

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11
Q

SIZE NG DROPLET

A
  • More than 5 microns size of droplet
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12
Q

close contact with infected person (atleast 3 ft) droplets will land directly in mucous membrane (eyes, nose. mouth) of susceptible person

A

o Grounded transmission

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13
Q
  • Transfer of infectious agent from reservoir to host through suspended air particles, inanimate object (food or water) , animate intermediary fly vectors
A

INDIRECT

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14
Q
  • occurs when infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air
A

AIRBORNE

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15
Q
  • includes material that has settled on surfaces and becomes resuspended in aircurrents as well as infectious particles blown from the soil by the wind
A

airborne dusts

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16
Q
  • dried droplet residue SIZE
A

<5 microns in size

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17
Q
  • may remain suspended in the air for long periods of time and may be blown over great distances.
A

AIRBORNE

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18
Q
  • yung mga airborne dust particles or airborne droplet to kaya magaan meaning pwede siya long distance.
A

Dehydrated particles

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19
Q
  • through food, waterm biologic products(blood), fomites (inanimate objects)
A

VEHICLEBORNE

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20
Q
  • through food, waterm biologic products(blood), fomites (inanimate objects)
A

VEHICLEBORNE

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21
Q
  • pwedeng magprovide siya ng environment in which agent grows, multiplies or produces toxins
  • may passively carry a pathogen
  • purely mechanical because food/water may not support growth and changes in the agent
A

VEHICLE-BORNE

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22
Q
  • Mosquitos, fleas or ticks
A

VECTOR BORNE

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23
Q

2 TYPE OF VECTOR

A

Can be mechanical or biological vectors

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24
Q

dadalin bacteria from one host to infected to tas dadalin niya lang agent. No changes in agent.

A

o Mechanical vectors

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25
Q

o = causative agent undergoes maturation in intermediate host/in mosquito before it can be transmitted to another susceptible host

A

Biological vector

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26
Q
  • Route through which pathogen can enter new host
A

PORTAL OF EXIT

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27
Q
  • Must provide access to tissues in which pathogen can multiply and toxins to release
A

PORTAL OF EXIT

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28
Q
  • Person who cen get sick when they are exposed to a disease causing pathogen
A

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

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29
Q

WHAT TYPE OF PRECAUTION?
- PATIENT PLACEMENT
- PPE (MASK N95)
- LIMIT TRANSPORT AND MOVEMENT OF PATIENT
- USE DISPOSABLE EQUIPMENT
- PRIORITISE CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF THE ROOM
- NO NEED FOR MASK

A

DIRECT

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30
Q

WHAT TYPE OF PRECAUTION?
- PATIENT PLACEMENT
- PPE (MASK N95)
- LIMIT TRANSPORT AND MOVEMENT OF PATIENT
- USE DISPOSABLE EQUIPMENT
- PRIORITISE CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF THE ROOM
- NO NEED FOR MASK

A

DIRECT

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31
Q
  • Mask
  • Proper patient placement
  • Limit transoport and movement of pateint
A

DROPLET PRECAUTION

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32
Q
  • Halos kapareho ng sa droplet pero need ng isolation room
  • Proper patient placement in a proper airborne isolation room
  • Suscpetible heathcare personnel restricted
A

AIRBORNE PRECAUTION

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33
Q

starts when doctor
asks for a test and ends when
testing begins.

A

PREANALYTICAL

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34
Q

n factors that will
be important in interpretation of
lab results

A

REFERENCE RANGE

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35
Q

Lab results should be interpreted
using

A

reference intervals

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36
Q

REFERENCE RANGE IS BASED ON

A

Most often based on healthy
people, sometimes considering
fasting state

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37
Q

PRE COLLECTION VARIABLES

A

AGE, GENDER, DIURNAL VARIATION, FASTING STATE, VIGOROUS EXERCISSE, DIET, ALCOHOL, POSTURE,DRUG INTAKE/MEDICATION, ALTITUDEFEVER, JAUNDICE, PREGNANCY TBN, TEMP AND HUMIDITY

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38
Q

day to day
variation

A

DIURNAL VARIATION

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39
Q

Drug intake/medication =
nakkaaaffect lalo na pag

A

anticholesterol recreation

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40
Q
  • Four components, present at the same time, are necessary for fire to occur.
A

FUEL (COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL)
HEAT
OXYGEN
CHEMICAL REACTION

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41
Q

fires occur with ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, papers, or clothing, and require water or water-based solutions to cool or quench the fire to extinguish it.

A

CLASS A

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42
Q

fires occur with flammable liquids and vapors, such as paint, oil, grease, or gasoline, and require blocking the source of oxygen or smothering the fuel to extinguish.

A

Class B

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43
Q

fires occur with electrical equipment and require non conducting agents to extinguish

A

CLASS C

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44
Q

fires occur with combustible or reactive metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and lithium, and require dry powder agents or sand to extinguish (they are the most difficult fires to control and frequently lead to explosions).

A

Class D

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45
Q
  • fires occur with high-temperature cooking oils, grease, or fats and require agents that prevent
A

Class K

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46
Q

FIRE EXTINGUISHER THAT IS BEST LEFT TO FIREFIGHTERS

A

CLASS D

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47
Q
  • are the type most frequently used in healthcare institutions.
A

Multipurpose FIRE extinguishers

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48
Q

extinguishers use soda and acid or water to cool the fire.

A

class a

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49
Q

extinguishers use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide to smother the fire.

A

class b

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50
Q

extinguishers use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, halon, or other nonconducting agents to smother the fire.

A

Class C

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51
Q

(multipurpose) extinguishers use dry chemical reagents to smother the fire. They can be used on class A, B, and C fires.

A

Class ABC

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52
Q

extinguishers use a potassium-based alkaline liquid specifically formulated to fight high-temperature grease, oil, or fat fires by cooling and smothering them without splashing. Some class K extinguishers can also be used on class A, B, and C fires

A

class k

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53
Q

order of action for fire

A

R-ESCUE
A-LARM
C-ONFINE
E-XTINGUISH

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54
Q

CIRC SYSTEM CONSISTS OF

A
  • Consists of blood vascular and lymphatic vascular
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54
Q

CIRC SYSTEM CONSISTS OF

A
  • Consists of blood vascular and lymphatic vascular
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55
Q

returns tissue fluid spaces to the blood.

A

LYMPHATIC VASCULAR

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56
Q

Blood vascular consists of:

A

HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS

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57
Q

BLOOD VESSEL CONSISTS OF

A
  • Capillary, vein, artery
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58
Q

= The smallest blood vessel that branches profusely.

A

CAPILLARY

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59
Q

ROUTE OF BLOOD

A

HACVB

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59
Q

ROUTE OF BLOOD

A

HACVB

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60
Q

vessels are more than 0.1 milimeter in diameter

A

macrovessel

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61
Q

Example: Capillary, arterioles, venules

A

macrovessel

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61
Q

Example: Capillary, arterioles, venules

A

macrovessel

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62
Q
  • Carries blood away from the heart
A

arteries

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63
Q

oxy o deoxy pag artery?

A

oxy

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64
Q

to stretching of arteries after the heart pumps, creating blood pressure kase nagpump ng blood yung heart

A

pulse

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65
Q

o Stretching of arteries also cause

A

blood pressure.

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66
Q

= Stretching phase (top number)
= nadederive when our heart contracts and blood pressure rises and blood moves out along the vessels

A

systolic pressure

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67
Q

= relaxation phase (bottom number)
= Heart relaxes, blood pressure falls and blood fills the heart

A

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE

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68
Q
  • Average young person has a blood pressure of
A

120/80

69
Q
  • Carries blood from arterioles to venules
A

CAPILLARIES

70
Q
  • When arterioles get small enough they turn into
A

capillaries

71
Q

where nutrients and oxygen leave the blood and wastes (like co2) enter the blood.

A

CAPILLARY

72
Q
  • CARRIES deoxygenated blood to the heart.
A

VEIN

73
Q

HAS VALVES

A

VEIN

74
Q

that allows blood to flow forward. HOLDS BLOOD FROM SECTION TO SECTION

A

valves

75
Q

= 1 layer of epithelial cell. Has loose CT. Konting smooth muscle cells

A

TUNICA INTIMA

76
Q

= thick smooth muscle cells.
= many elastic fibers, lamellae, collagen

A

TUNICA MEDIA

77
Q

= pag turbulent blood flow, eto nagcocontain ng internal elastic composed of elastic fibers

A

TUNICA MEDIA

78
Q

= consists of type 1 collagen fiber. Some elastic fibers.

A
  1. TUNICA ADVENTITA/EXTERNA
79
Q

“vessel of vessels”. Consists of arterioles, capillaries and venules.it provides nourishment for cells found in tunica externa

A

VASOGASORA

80
Q

separates tunica media and adventitia

A

 External elastic lamina

81
Q

 = separates tunica intima and media

A

Internal elastic lamina

82
Q
A

Flat cells (simple squamous endo)
= acts as semi permeable membrane
= carries blood, plasma and interstitial fluid
- Smooth muscles
- Cappilaries
- CT primarily collagen
- Elastic material for resiliency

83
Q
  • System of thin walled endo channels that collects excess interstitial fluid(lymph) from tissue spaces and returns it to blood.
A

LYMPHAT8IC VASCUOLAR

84
Q
  • Collects fluid in between tissues except nervous, tissue, bone marrow and heart
    Tissue
A

LYMPHATIC VASCULAR

85
Q

lvs Consists of

A

lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels and lymphatic ducts

85
Q

lvs Consists of

A

lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels and lymphatic ducts

86
Q
  • Specialized CT. A fluid CT made up of cells that are in a suspended material called plasma
A

blood

87
Q
  • 91.5% water the rest are proteins and other solutes
A

plasma

88
Q

proteins in plasma most to least

A

 Proteins = (most to least) albumin, globulin, fibrinogen(7%)

89
Q

solute in plasma

A

 Solutes = hormones, waste,gas, nutrient, electrolyte vitamins

90
Q

how many percent formed element of blood

A

45

91
Q

= 99%. 4.8-5.4 millions per um. 7-8 um diameter
= biconcave (may depression) pag bilog yan may sphigocytosis which is hereditary)
= mature rbc has no nucleus
= mas malaki wbc
= life span is 100 – 120 days develops in 2wks/3days

A

rbc

92
Q

5 to 10k per um. Spherical shape. Has nucleus

A

wbc

93
Q

agranalucytes

A

A. Agranulocyte = lymphocyte and monocyte

94
Q

= longest life span in bc hours to yrs

A

lymphocte

95
Q

remembers encountered pathogen magiging mabilis response

A

memory t cell

96
Q

= proliferates/tataas in case of viral infection

A

lymphocyte

97
Q

= kidney shape. 1 nucleus. Has indentation. Biggest

A

monocyte

98
Q

= came from bone marrow

A

monocyte

99
Q

paglabas sa circulation pag traverse sa tissue, it becomes macrophage which phagocytizees causative agent. Itim loob neto

A

monocyte

100
Q

= bluish granule natatakpan nucleus niya. 1 nucleus.bilobe

A

basophil

101
Q

= 1 nucleus. Bilobe. Red granule

A

eosino

102
Q

kills parasitic worm in allergy asthma, hypersensitivity

A

eosino

103
Q

laman ng granule may heparin, histamine and serum protease and mediators of inflammation
Hypotactic factors send signals to ask for help

A

eosino

104
Q

= granules released= dadating na kakain sa causative agent

A

eosino

105
Q

= mataas no. nito = bacterial infection

A

neutrophil

106
Q

= phagocytizes bacteria

A

neutrophil

107
Q

= Sticky fragment containing granules
= develops in 4-5 ls:5-10 days

A

platelet

108
Q

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD

A
  • Viscosity (thickness) = 4.5 (sa tubig 1)
  • Salinity = 0.85%
  • pH = 0.4
  • Range = 7.33-7.4
  • 8% of uor total weight
  • Osmolality = 300 mOsm or 3.0 osm (concentration of solute in plasma)
  • Temp = 38C (slightly higer than normal body temp which is 37)
  • Blood vol. in ave. male = 1-6L
  • Blood volume in ave. fem = 4-5
109
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

A
  1. SUBSTANCE DISTRIBUTION
  2. REGUALTION OF BLOOD LEVELS OF PARTICULAR SUBSTANCES
  3. BODY PROTECTION
110
Q

has proteins that allows us to shell off complement proteins and antibodies (Ex. Lymphocytes can shell off antibodies so ti becomes plasma cells)

A

plasma

111
Q

oposite of omoestasis

A

hemorrhage

112
Q

3 STEPS IN HOMOESTASIS

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Formation of platelet plug (primary homoestasis)
  3. Formation of fibrin clot or blood coagulation (secondary homoetasis
113
Q

 initiates maintenance of homoestasis after injury.. it is the blood vessel’s first response to injury

A

Von willebrand factor (bwf factor) =

114
Q

 = formation of fibrin mesh

A

Coagulation cascade

115
Q

vein pattern of 70% of population

A

h

116
Q

 Typically larger, closer to the surface, better anchored, more stationary than others

A

median cubital

117
Q

 Often harder to palpate than median cubital
 Fairly well-anchored and often the only vein that can be palpated in obese patient

A

median cephalic

118
Q

 More painful. Not anchored well

A

median basilic

119
Q

vein patetrn - 20-28% of the population

A

m pattern

120
Q

 Malayo sa nerves

A

median cephalic

121
Q

order of vein kung san kukuha

A
  1. Antecubital fossa = select big vein at di nagroroll
  2. Forearm and hand vein
     Above knuckles. Yung prominent and straight vein piliin
  3. Ankle, leg/foot
     Need dr. permission
  4. Singit
     Dr or nurse lang pwede kumuha dito
122
Q

yung gamot na tinatake, may time kung kelan siya nagpepeak at pagtapos ng ilang oras may lowest level den called “trough”

A
  • Therapeutic blood monitoring (TBN)
123
Q

= catheter na nakakabit sa radial artery

A

arterial line

124
Q

provides for continues BP monitoring, and for infusing medication

A

arterial line

125
Q

= permanent surgical fusion of an artery and vein

A

atriventricular shunt / fistula

126
Q

USE: to provide access for dialysis

A

atriventricular shunt / fistula

127
Q

=kinakabit sa patient pagkaadmit palang sa ward

A

heparin or saline lock

128
Q

= catheter or canula connected to a stopcock/cap with diaphragm

A

heparin or saline lock

129
Q

USE: provides access for administering medications and drawing blood

A

heparin / saline lock

130
Q

= a catheter inserted in vein to administer fluids

A

iv line

131
Q

= known as indwelling lines na asa gitna ng katawan

A

central vascular access device (CVAD)

132
Q

TYPES OF CVAD

A

= has many types: peripheral inserted center catheter (picc),implanted peripheral port, implanted chest port

133
Q

= inserted into large vein (subclavian);

A

CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER

134
Q

= inserted into large vein (subclavian);

A

CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER

135
Q

CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER ADVANCE INTO

A

IMPLANTED PORT

135
Q

CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER ADVANCE INTO

A

IMPLANTED PORT

136
Q

small chamber attached to a indwelling line, surgically implanted under skin usually in upper arm or chest

A

IMPLANETED PORT

137
Q

inserted in veins
or extrimities papunta sa gitna sa puso sa central vein. It is threaded into central vein

A

Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) =

138
Q

SITE SELECTION AREAS TO BE AVOIDED

A

 Yunng may line (arterial, picc, etc.)
 Extensive scarfrom burns and surgery = pagka makapal na peklat, mahirap matarget vein kase natatakpan siya ng peklat
 Upper extremity on side of previous mastectomy = yung other breast nalang
Mastectomy = inalis breast
 Intravenous therapy/blood transfusion

139
Q

= missed vein; needle goes through vein or just partially in the vein

A

HEMATOMA

140
Q

happens pag ang tagal linapply tourniquet.

A

HEMOCONCENTRATION

141
Q

pag pull ng plunger ng syringe forcefully kase manipis lang vein

A

COLLAPSE OF SMALL VEIN

142
Q
  • Puncture only the uppermost wall of the vein
  • Remove tourniquet before removing needle = baka magsquirt blood pag hindi tinanggal
  • Use major superficial vein = mas malaki diameter. Mas well anchored
  • Alisin tourniquet, tas needle tas apply pressure to venepuncture site.straighten arms
  • Avoid probing `
A

PREVENT HEMATOMA

143
Q

PROLONGED TORNIQUET APPLICATION RISKS

A
  • Total protein, iron, total lipids and cholesterol increase from 5-7%, bilirubin increases 8% and AST aka sgot 9%,lactate, ph, blood potassium
144
Q
  • Happens due to too much probing
A

NERVE INJURY

145
Q
  • Sign:rapidly forming hematoma blood filling tube quickly
A

Inadvertent arterial puncture

146
Q
  • Collect only the min. required specimen volume
A

IATROGENIC ANEMIA

147
Q
  • Don’t open bandage ahead of time
  • Don’t preload needle onto tube holders ahead of time. Sa harap ng patient buksan yung syringe
  • Don’t TOUCH needle insertion site after disinfecting it.
  • Minimize time between needle cap removal and venepuncture
  • keep bandage on atleast 15 minutes or pag di na nagdudugo
A

INFECTION

148
Q
  • yung tube na may anticoagulant bumabalik dugo sa vein
  • It can cause adverse reaction
  • dapat arm is in downward position below venepuncture site
A

REFLUC OF ANTICOAGULANT

149
Q
  • avoid numerous venepuncture in same area over time
  • avoid blind probing and improper technique
A

VEIN DAMAGE

150
Q
  • use larger bore needle (21G which is used for standard phlebotomy) lalo na pag malaki vein, kung maliit vein or domavle vein g23
    • draw slowly
  • size of needle should depend on size of vein na ipupuncture.
A

TO PREVENT HEMOLYSIS

151
Q
  • Primary cause of is vigorous mixing dat figure of 8 pag ikot niya
A

hemolysis

152
Q
  • Yung gloves with powder – pwede mangcontaminate ng powder yung sample
  • Madalas macontaminate neto blood film
  • Dripping perspiration into capillary specimens – pag pawis.
  • Using improper and wrong antiseptic procedure
  • Alcohol residue
A

SPECIES CONTAMINATION

153
Q
  • Check date before using baka expired na
  • Pag expired nabaka wala na vacuum sa loob.
  • Pag walang vacuum yung papalit dun is yung amount of blood
    Ex. Di mapuupuno ng dugo yung ets holder kase walang vacuum.
A

WRONG OR EXPIRED COLLECTION TUBE

154
Q

3 ways to get blood

A

VEIN, ARTERY, CAPILLARY

155
Q

3 WAYS OF VENIPUNCTURE

A

3 ways of venepuncture
 Syringe
 ETS holder
 Butterfly

156
Q

= end of needle. Andito pore.allows needle to easily slip in skin

A

BEVEL

157
Q

= long cylindrical portion of needle. Usually 1” to 1.5”

A

SHAFT

158
Q

= end of blood collecting. where needle is connected. Both ets and butterfly meron den

A

HUB

159
Q

 Bevel = end of needle. Andito pore.allows needle to easily slip in skin
 Shaft = long cylindrical portion of needle. Usually 1” to 1.5”
 Hub = end of blood collecting. where needle is connected. Both ets and butterfly meron den
 Gauge number

A

Parts of a needle

160
Q

Parts of a syringe

A

Tip = minsan may screw na iikot needle
 Plunger tip = yung dulo itim ng plunger tawag plunder tip.
 Volume markings
 Barrel = pag inalis number makikita volume marking. May nakasuksok na plunger
 Plunger = eto yung pinupull pag kukuha ng dugo .
 Flange = nakausli sa dulo ng barrel. Gamit pag iniinject eto hinahawakpara maganda paghawak

161
Q
  • is a special type of ETS needle na may hub na nakattach.
A

Flashback needle

162
Q
  • Bd designed blood collection needle that’s safety and clear for multisample collection
A

eclipse needle

163
Q
  • offers simple way of collecting blood reducing risk of needlestick injury kase di na magrerestick ng needle.
A

eclipse

164
Q

parts of lancing device

A
  • lancet nakatusok sa carrier
  • setting= tinuturn depending kung gano kakalain na dugo
  • release button = pangtusok
  • barrel = minsan may clip minsan wala
  • lancet needle
165
Q

BLOOD COLLECTION ADDITIVES
- anticoagulant

A
  • special-used anticoagulant
  • anti-glycolytic agents
  • clot activators
  • thixotropic gel separator
  • trace element-free tubes
  • non-trace element royal blue.trace element free siya
166
Q
  • 3 principles kung bat di makukuha dugo:
A
  1. Binds or relation calcium
  2. Precipitation of calcium
  3. Thrombine inhibition (
167
Q

thrombin inhibition

A

para kase magkathrombine need ng calcium pag may thrombine siya mag coconvert ng fibrinogen to fibrin)

168
Q

anticoagulant ex

A

3 green(ammonium, na heparin, li heparin), gold, violet (edta (k2 and k3 type ng edta meron pang edta na white and pink yung pink for blood banking)

169
Q

SPECIAL USED ANTICOAGULANT

A
  1. acid citrate dextrose
  2. citrate phosphate dextrose
    3.sodium polyanethol sulfonate
170
Q

= has 2 formulations: yellow tap, asa blood bag pag nagcocollect ng blood

A

ACID CITRATE DEXTROSE

171
Q
A

3 to 4 citrate
- 5-6 gold and spt
- 8-10the rest 8-10

172
Q

WHAT HAZARD
-Microwaves, infra-red, ultraviolet, lasers, X-rays and gamma
rays.

A

RADIATION

PMLS 2nd sem (5 decks)

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