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SPA 723 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Chomsky / Jackendoff Supports

How does the brain convert thought to language from a nativist point of view?

A
  • Different parts of the brain are required to convert the information from one format to another.
  • Speaker: Thought –> syntactic structure –> phonological structure –> then out to motor instruction
  • Listener: The ears hears the sounds –> phonological structure –> syntactic structure –> Thought
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2
Q

Explain how Jackendoff used brain structure to support mental grammer

A
  • Genetic Hypothesis (Chomsky) - the idea that a great deal of the structure of language is transmitted genetically,, through the inheritance of brain structure (genetics)
  • The more brain consists of specialized parts, the less likely it is that these parts are acquired through learning, especially learning of a simple stimulus-response nature.
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3
Q

Jackendoff

What is mental grammer?

A

The expressive variety of language use implies that a language user’s brain (speaker) contains a set of unconscious grammartical principles
* The idea that mental grammer holds…
- patterns of words
- patterns of patterns (rules of language stored in memory

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4
Q

Define the 3 fundamental arguments for language as discussed by Jackendoff

A
  • First two arguments lead us to the conclusion that the ability to speak and understand a human language (say english) is a complex combination of nature and nurture
    • Argument for mental grammer: the expressive variety of language use implies that a language user’s brain contains a set of unconscious grammartical princples (we are able to create endless amounts of different sentences)
    • Argument for innate knowledge: The way children learn to talk implies that the human brain contains a genetically determined specialization for language
    • Argument for construction of experience: The experience of spoken language is actively constructed by the hearer’s mental grammer
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5
Q

What does Chomsky mean by the “creativity” of language?

A
  • The capacity for the generation and understanding of an indeifinite number of sentences
  • The creative aspect of language is something all language has in common
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6
Q

Jackendoff

What is meant by structure dependent?

A

Thought: arranging the message “surface structure” and then meaning (semantics) comes from changing the surface structure into the deep structure

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7
Q

Chomsky / Jackendoff supports

Explain the modularity hypothesis

A
  • The idea that the brain is divided into m separate units or modules, each with the capacity to deal with a specialized kind of information
  • Correlates with the genetic hypothesis, where a large portion of language is transmitted genetically through the inheritance of brain structure
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8
Q

Jackendoff

What does it mean to say that “the experience of spoken language is actively constructed by the hearer’s mental grammar”?

A
  • We experience words that come out of the speaker’s mouth and are transmitted to us
  • It isn’t just a passive taking in of information, it invovles unconscious activity
  • organizing patterns into mental grammer to perceive language
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9
Q

According to Jackendoff, what’s innate and what’s learned in language?

A
  • The innate part of language is part due to special purpose endowment for language and part due to general properties of the brain
    • universal grammer is innate / genetics are innate / LAD
    • vocabulary is acquired
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10
Q

Jackendoff

How can ASL support the hypothesis for mental grammar?

A
  • Deaf children exposed to ASl don’t have to draw on an entirely different body of innate knowledge, they expect the same organization in sign that they would have expected in spoken language.
  • The same specialized machinery kicks in
  • Children come prepared to learn language, in whatever modality.wha
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10
Q

Jackendoff

How can ASL support the hypothesis for mental grammar?

A
  • Deaf children exposed to ASl don’t have to draw on an entirely different body of innate knowledge, they expect the same organization in sign that they would have expected in spoken language.
  • The same specialized machinery kicks in
  • Children come prepared to learn language, in whatever modality.wha
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11
Q

What does Chomsky mean by the “creativity” of language?

A
  • The capacity for the generation and understanding of an indeifinite number of sentences
  • The creative aspect of language is something all language has in common
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12
Q

What is meant by structure dependent? Jackendoff

A
  • Linguistic theory that translations or conversions are not carried out by the brain in one fell swoop.
  • Syntactic structure (trees) - classifications
  • Phonological structure - sound converted into word by its phonological characteristics
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13
Q

Explain the modularity hypothesis and how it relates to language

Jackendoff

A
  • The idea that the brain is divided into many separate units or modules, each with capacity to deal with a specialized kind of information
  • Correlates with the genetic hypothesis, where a large portion of language is transmitted genetically through the inheritance of brain structure.
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14
Q

What does it mean to say that “experience of spoken language is actively constructed by the hearer’s mental grammar.”?

Jackendoff

A
  • We experience words that come out of the speaker’s mouth and are transmitted to us and it isn’t just a passive taking in of information, it involves unconscious activity.
    • organizing the patterns (mental grammar) to percieve language
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15
Q

According to Jackendoff, what’s innate and what’s learned in language?

A

The innate part of language is part due to special purpose endowment

16
Q

Two broad areas: Domain specific vs Domain general

A
  • Domain specific is each domain on its own
  • Domain general is all of these domains work together
    • cognition, language, psychology, physics.
17
Q

Locke - Social Interaction

A
  • Domain general
  • Vocal communion
    • open channel of communication between caregiver and infant (social interactions)
    • Still-faced paradigm
      • affecting the brain
      • decreased white matter
      • brain doesn’t develop normally
      • “wild boy”
  • Socialness is innate, language is acquired from vocalizations during vocal communion
18
Q

Nelson - socail interaction

A

DG - acquired through experience

19
Q

Jackendoff - Patterns / Agrees with chomsky

A
  • DS - Innate
    - LAD
    * DG - Acquired
    - Vocabulary
20
Q

Competent Child

A
  • Modularity process = phonological + syntactic structure “module inside a module”
  • Spelke
  • Carey
  • Premack and woodruff (ToM)
  • Chomsky (LAD)
21
Q

Chomsky quote supporting Mental Grammar

A

“if we look at the complexity of language, how would we keep all of this in our head, it has to be innate because of the complexity”

22
Q

Ear –> Phonological structure –> syntactic structure –> thought

What is thought?

A

Arranging the message “surfaces structure” and then meaning (semantics) comes from the changing the surfaces tructure into the deep structure.

23
Q

True or False: Chomsky believes environment doesn’t have an impact at all

A

True

24
Q

True or False: Chomsky believes that meaning comes from how it is “classified” and where it is in the sentence rather than experience

A

True

25
Q

Critial period

A

Leneberg

26
Q

Nelson - Experiential Child

A
  • When information is givin to the child, the child is living in its own private mind but internalizes it, processes it through experience and begins to learn the meaning of things because all of this is being provided by the outside world.
  • Once they can do thiss, they externalize (talk) back to the world
27
Q

Nelson: Conversational discourse

A
  • begining of autobiographical self
  • Child has to understand past, present, and future
  • Temporal words: before/after
  • Causal words: because/ “cause and effect”
  • Mental words: love
  • Able to tell their version of the story, placing themselves in a place (experience) (ToM)
    • theory of mind came along because there was scaffolding and interaction between child and caregiver (learning a shared meaning - learning that a word means something specific to the adult through trial and error)
28
Q

Vygotsky - Piaget

A
  • Piaget did not believe that children needed the social interaction, instead they figured it out by exploring objects in the environment. (noun bias supports Nelson’s diagreement with this)
  • Vygostky believes that social cultural and history life of caregiver provided all the child needed (scaffolding - norris hoffman)
29
Q

Locke

A

Agreed that children learn language through socail interaction but he believes that social interaction is innate and language emerges from vocalizations during vocal communion.

30
Q

Conversational Discourse

A

narrative accounts of experience, explanatory talk, negotions, future plans

31
Q

necessary components for expressive and receptive language

A

Attention and memory (short term, access to background knowledge)

SPA 723 (1 decks)

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