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Gender in Society > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sex

A

Physical differences. Sex is what you are born with

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2
Q

Gender

A

Refers to masculinity and femininity. How you portray yourself

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3
Q

Distinction

A

Describes efforts to distinguish one’s own group from others

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4
Q

Masculinity

A

usually characteristics of men or boys

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5
Q

Femininity

A

Usually characteristics of women or girls

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6
Q

Culture

A

The arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group

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7
Q

Gender binary

A

The idea that there are only two types of people masculine (assigned male at birth) and feminine (assigned female at birth)

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8
Q

Intersex

A

Describes bodies with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t fit the typical definitions of female or male

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9
Q

Gender identity

A

A subjective sense of one’s own gender

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10
Q

Gender expression

A

How a person publicly expresses or presents their gender

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11
Q

Transgender

A

People whose gender identity is different from the sex they were assigned at birth

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12
Q

Cisgender

A

A person who identifies with the sex given to them at birth

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13
Q

Non-binary

A

A gender category that encompasses people who are either north man and woman or neither

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14
Q

Ungendering

A

Without gender, not gendered

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15
Q

Gender ideologies

A

Widely shared beliefs about how men and women are and should be

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16
Q

Social construct

A

An arbitrary but influential shared interpretation of reality.
Doesnt really exist, but is made through human interaction

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17
Q

Social construction

A

a theory that knowledge and many aspects of the world around us are not real in and of themselves

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18
Q

Gender binary glasses

A

A pair of lenses that separates everything we see into masculine and feminine categories

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19
Q

Associative memory

A

A phenomenon where our cells in the brain that process and transmit information make literal connections between concepts, such that some ideas are associated with other ideas

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20
Q

Stereotypes

A

Fixed oversimplified and distorted ideas about what people are like

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21
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Degrees of difference in appearance and behavior between males and females of a species

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22
Q

Priming

A

A trick in which study subjects are reminded of a stereotype right before the test

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23
Q

Socialization

A

The process of social influence a person acquires through the subculture or culture of the group, which shapes the personality

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24
Q

Learned differences

A

Those differences that are a result of our familial or sociocultural environment

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25
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

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26
Q

Phenotype

A

An individual’s observable traits (height, eye color, blood type)

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27
Q

Genes

A

A set of instructions for building and maintaining our bodies

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28
Q

Hormones

A

Messengers in a chemical communication system

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29
Q

Biocultural interaction

A

How our bodies respond to our cultural environment and vice versa

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30
Q

Naturalism

A

The idea that biology affects our behavior independently of our environment

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31
Q

Culturalism

A

The idea that we are “blank slates” that become who we are purely through learning and socialization

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32
Q

Intersectionality

A

A framework for conceptualizing a person, group of people, or social problem as affected by a number of discriminations and disadvantages

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33
Q

Normative standard

A

Rules or expectations that are socially enforced

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34
Q

Forager societies

A

(Hunter-gatherer societies) Contain people who survive by collecting naturally occurring resources and share social and cultural traits

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35
Q

King groups

A

Groups with one person in power

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36
Q

Nuclear family

A

A group of people who are United by ties of partnership and parenthood and consisting of a pair of adults and their socially recognized children

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37
Q

Doing gender

A

A phrase used to describe the ways in which we actively obey and break gender rules

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38
Q

Sex category

A

The assumed biological category, regardless of the individuals gender identification

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39
Q

Gender rules

A

Instructions for how to appear and behave as a man or woman

40
Q

Gender as performance/ display

A

People learn how to behave in particular ways to fit society’s idea of their gender

41
Q

Cultural traveling

A

Moving from one culture or subculture context to another and sometimes back

42
Q

Learning model of socialization

A

A model that suggests that socialization is a lifelong process of learning and relearning gender expectations and how to negotiate them

43
Q

Gender policing

A

A response to the violation of gender rules aimed at exacting conformity

44
Q

Accountability

A

An obligation to explain why we don’t follow social rules that other people think we should know and obey

45
Q

Account

A

An explanation for why a person broke a gender rule that would excuse their behavior

46
Q

Social identities

A

A culturally available and socially constructed category of people in which we place ourselves or where others place us

47
Q

Privilege

A

Unequal social and economic advantage based on our location in a social hierarchy

48
Q

Power

A

An entity or individuals ability to control or direct others

49
Q

Gender strategy

A

Finding a way of doing gender that works for us a unique individuals who are also shaped by other parts of our identity

50
Q

Race

A

A socially meaningful set or distinctions based on superficial and imagined biological differences

51
Q

Racism

A

Social arrangements designed to systematically advantage one race over others

52
Q

Marking

A

The act of applying a label to highlight an execption

53
Q

Unmarked category

A

“The normal”

54
Q

Heteronormativity

A

Designed on the assumption that everyone is heterosexual

55
Q

Homonormativity

A

A practice of obeying all gender norms except the ones about sexual partners

56
Q

Heterosexism

A

Individual and institutional bias against sexual minorities

57
Q

Homophobia

A

A range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality, or people who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual

58
Q

Sexual orientation

A

An enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination) to the opposite, same gender or sex, both sexes or more than one gender

59
Q

Compulsory heterosexuality

A

Rule that says the women like men and men like women

60
Q

Xenophobia

A

Fear or prejudice of something perceived as foreign or other

61
Q

Class

A

A group of people in society who posses the same socioeconomic status

62
Q

Classism

A

A form of prejudice against people of lower socioeconomic status

63
Q

Ableism

A

Individual and institutional biases that deny critical resources to different able bodies

64
Q

Ageism

A

An institutional preference of the young and cultural association of aging with decreased social value

65
Q

Patriarchy

A

“Rule of the father” refers to the control of female and younger male family members by select adult men or patriarchs

66
Q

Modified patriarchy

A

Societies where women have been granted formal gender equality but the patriarchal conflation of power with men remains an essential part of daily life

67
Q

Androcentrism

A

The granting of higher status, respect, value, reward, and power to masculine compared to feminine

68
Q

Subordination

A

The placing of women into positions that make them dependent on men

69
Q

Hegemony

A

State of collective consent to inequality that is secured by the idea that it is inevitably natural or desirable

70
Q

Hegemonic masculinity

A

A type of masculinity performance, idealized by the majority that functions to justify and naturalize gender inequality

71
Q

Male flight

A

A phenomenon in which men abandon feminine areas of life

72
Q

Exculpatory chauvinism

A

A phenomenon where negative characteristics ascribed to men are presented as natural and offered as acceptable justifications of men’s dominance over women

73
Q

Hierarchy of masculinity

A

A rough ranking of men from most to least masculine with the assumption that more masc. is always better

74
Q

Emasculation

A

A loss of masculinity

75
Q

Precarious masculinity

A

The idea that manhood is more difficult to earn and easier to lose than femininity

76
Q

Compensatory masculinity

A

The idea that men who are insecure about their masculinity will behave in an extremely masculine way as compensation

77
Q

Colorism

A

A form of discrimination, typically within a racial or ethnic group, favoring people with lighter skin over ppl with darker skin

78
Q

Hypermasculinity

A

Extreme conformity to the more aggressive rules of masculinity

79
Q

Toxic masculinity

A

Enactments of masculinities that are harmful both to the men who enact them and to the people around them

80
Q

Patriarchal bargain

A

The strategies women employ to gain a greater degree of security and autonomy within the bounds of their sex based oppression

81
Q

Hybrid masculinities

A

The use of aspects of marginalized gender expressions in the gender performance or identity of privileged men

82
Q

Feminine apologetic

A

When girls and women act and dress in feminine ways while posing for sports to compensate for the masculinity of sport

83
Q

Pariah families

A

Outsiders in society

84
Q

Benevolent sexism

A

A subtler form of sexism expressed in a seemingly positive way

85
Q

Hostile sexism

A

Aims to preserve men’s dominance over women’s by underlining men’s power

86
Q

Aggrieved entitlement

A

The sense that benefits that you believe you are entitled to get snatched away from you by unforeseen forces larger and more power

87
Q

Misogyny

A

Hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women

88
Q

Victim blaming

A

When the victim of a crime or accident is held accountable for what happened to them

89
Q

Emphasized feminity

A

A socially approved model of femininity that positions women as inferior to men

90
Q

Gender equivocation

A

A phenomenon that explains the tendency of women to switch between emphasized femininity and emphasized sameness when the situation requires one of them

91
Q

Double bind

A

A dilemma in communication in which an individual (or group) receives from a single source conflicting messages that allow no appropriate response to be made
(Ex. Women being told they got married too young or too old)

92
Q

Feminism

A

The belief that women and men should have equal opportunities in economic, political, and social life

93
Q

Matrix of domination

A

A theoretical approach that explores the interlocking systems of oppression in terms of race, gender, class, and other social categories faced by marginalized or othered people

94
Q

Black feminism

A

Centers on the experiences of African American women, Understanding Intersectionality between racism, sexism and classism, as well as other social identities

95
Q

Multicultural feminism

A

Recognizes the need to include diversity of women’s voices

96
Q

Gaslighting

A

A type of psychological abuse aimed at making victims, seem or feel crazy, creating a surreal interpersonal environment

97
Q

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

A

Abuse or aggression that occurs in a romantic relationship

Gender in Society (1 decks)

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