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breeding and genetics > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

A measure of the central tendency of a set of random variables

A

Mean

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2
Q

Measures how widely the values of a variable in a set vary

A

Variance

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3
Q

Measures how much a set of two variables vary together

A

Covariance

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4
Q

It is the expectation of the squared deviation of a variable from its mean

A

Variance

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5
Q

It is their average or expected value

A

Mean

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6
Q

It is the expectation of the product of the deviations of two variables from their respective means

A

Covariance

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7
Q

Measures the degree and direction of the relationship between two variables

A

Correlation

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8
Q

Measures the expected change in one variable per unit change in another variable

A

Regression

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9
Q

Expected value of a constant =

A

Constant

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10
Q

Expected value of a random variable =

A

Sum of all values of random variable/ n

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11
Q

What can you do so that the sum of (xi - mean of x) does not equal zero

A

Square the deviation

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12
Q

Variance equation

A

= sum (X^2 - 2X(mean X) + (meanX)^2)

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13
Q

Sample variance equation V(X)

A

(1/(n-1)) * sum(Xi^2 - 2Xi(meanX) + (meanX)^2)

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14
Q

Sample variance V(aX)

A

= a^2V(X)

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15
Q

Correlation equation

A

Cov(X,Y)/ (sqrt V(X)*V(Y))

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16
Q

Doesn’t matter order
Not causative
Unitless
0 = unrelated

A

Correlation

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17
Q

Order matters
Y on X = X is causing Y
Denominator is always variance of the variable that’s causing the other variable (the second variable)

A

Regression

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18
Q

Regression equation

A

= Cov(X,Y) / V(X)

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19
Q

ANOVA means

A

Analysis of variance

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20
Q

Sums of squares equation

A

SST=SSR+SSE

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21
Q

SST is the

A

Total sums of squares

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22
Q

SSR is the

A

Regression sums of squares

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23
Q

SSE is the

A

Error sum of squares

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24
Q

Mean Yi is the

A

Mean of observations for the ith individual

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25
Q

The proportion of the alleles in a population at a locus that are of a particular type

A

Allele frequency

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26
Q

Proportion of individuals in a population with a particular genotype at a particular locus

A

Genotyped frequency

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27
Q

f(B) = p =

A

2 * (no. of BB individuals) + 1 * (no. of Bb individuals) / 2 * (total no. individuals)

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28
Q

f(b) = q =

A

2 * (no. of bb individuals) + 1 * (no. of Bb individuals) / 2 * (total no. individuals)

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29
Q

q =

A

1-p

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30
Q

f(B) and f(b) are

A

Allele frequencies

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31
Q

f(BB) and f(Bb) and f(bb) are

A

Genotypic frequencies

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32
Q

f(BB) = P =

A

No. of BB individuals / total no. individuals

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33
Q

f(Bb) = H =

A

No. of Bb individuals / total no. individuals

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34
Q

f (bb) = Q =

A

No. of bb individuals / total no. individuals

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35
Q

Even though alleles occur in a ____ state in individuals, they are transmitted ____ from parent to progeny

A

Paired
Singly

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36
Q

How can the allele frequency be the same in sires and dams

A

If there is random mating and no selection in a large population
OR
If selection occurs at the same rate in males and females

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37
Q

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium assumes

A

Allele frequencies in progeny = those in their parents

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38
Q

Used to describe computations

A

Summation and dot notation

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39
Q

Rule 1: sum involving a constant

A

Ec = c+c+c+c …. +c = nc

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40
Q

Rule 2: sum of sequential positive integers

A

Ej = 1+2+3+ …. +n = n(n+1) / 2

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41
Q

Rule 3: sums of the squares of sequential positive integers

A

Ek^2 = 1^2+2^2+3^2+ …. n^2 = n(n+1) * (2n+1) / 6

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42
Q

An equation where any x plugged into an equation will yield exactly one value of y

A

Function

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43
Q

Use a dot to signify a summation over a subscript

A

Dot notation

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44
Q

Dot notation single subscript

A

Exi = x1+x2+x3+ …. xn = x.

45
Q

What equation does dot notation not work

A

Exi^2 = x1^2+x2^2+x3^2+ ….. xn^2

46
Q

Dot notation square of sum of xis

A

(Exi)^2 = (x1+x2+x3+ ….. xn)^2 = (x.)^2

47
Q

Useful to introduce concepts of quantitative variation

A

Single locus model

48
Q

Inter locus gene action

A

Different locus
Epistasis

49
Q

Intra locus gene action

A

Within a locus
Dominance

50
Q

Non-additive gene actions

A

Dominance
Epistasis
Does not pass parent to offspring
Stick with animal throughout lofetime

51
Q

Our observation of the measurement of a trait
Continuous trait

A

Phenotypic value (P)

52
Q

Examples of phenotypic value

A

Milk yield
Fiver diameter
Birth weight
Back fat thickness

53
Q

P =

A

G+E

54
Q

G is the

A

Genotypic value

55
Q

E is the

A

Environmental value

56
Q

Represents the effects of the combination of alleles across loci that an animal inherited

A

Genotypic value

57
Q

Captures all non-genetic factors that impact the phenotypic value

A

Environmental value

58
Q

d = 0 means

A

There is no dominance
Strictly additive gene action

59
Q

d = a or d = -a means

A

There is complete dominance

60
Q

d>a or d<-a means

A

There is overdominance

61
Q

d lies between 0 and +a means

A

Incomplete or partial dominance

62
Q

Mean equation

A

M = a(p-q) + 2pqd

63
Q

a(p-q) is attributable to

A

Homozygotes

64
Q

2pqd is attributable to

A

Heterozygotes

65
Q

The vale of ___ reflects both the mean phenotypic and genotypic value of the population

A

M

66
Q

Positive mean means that we anticipate

A

The (blank) rate to be increased on average by _____ if the allele had been introduced into a population at this frequency

67
Q

With no dominance the mean only is a function of the difference in

A

Allele frequencies

68
Q

If we assume that each loci acts independently (ignore epistaxis) then their joint contribution is simple the

A

Some of their individual effects

69
Q

Parents only transmit or pass their _____ and not their ______ to their progeny

A

Alleles
Genotypes

70
Q

The mean deviation from the population mean of individuals that allele from one parent, while the allele received from the other parent came at random from the population

A

Average effect of an allele

71
Q

Increasing the frequency of allele increases the _____

A

Mean
Because the average effect of the allele becomes less

72
Q

As the extent or degree of dominance increases, an _____ in the frequency of the allele, f(B), has a _____ impact on the population mean and on its average affect

A

Increase
Greater

73
Q

The average effect of the allele is simply a function of changes in f(B) and the genotyped value a with

A

No dominance

74
Q

Re-express the average effect as the difference between the average effects of the pair of alleles

A

Average effect of an allele substitution

75
Q

What determines the mean genotyping value of their progeny?

A

The average effects of a parent’s alleles

76
Q

The breeding value of an individual is equal to

A

Sum of the pair of alleles it carries across all loci

77
Q

The average breeding value of its parents

A

Expected breeding value

78
Q

The genotyping value can be represented as

A

G= A+D

79
Q

D means

A

Dominance deviation

80
Q

A means

A

Breeding value

81
Q

Mean breeding value and mean dominance deviation value equals

A

Zero
Because they are expressed as deviations from their respective means

82
Q

Depends on allele frequencies and the additive effect of allele substitution

A

Variance (additive genetic variance)

83
Q

Depends on allele frequencies and the degree of dominance

A

Dominance deviation variances

84
Q

Variances are usually maximized at

A

Intermediary allele frequencies

85
Q

What typically makes up most of the genotypes variance except in the unusual cases of overdominance or extreme allele frequencies

A

Breeding value

86
Q

IAB is the

A

Epistatic deviation

87
Q

Multiple loci means our genetic model is

A

G = A+D+I

88
Q

What are commonly important sources of environmental effects on performance?

A

Nutritional and climatic factors

89
Q

Environmental effects that remain with an animal throughout its lifetime
Ex. Chronic injuries, diseases, training

A

Permanent environmental effects

90
Q

Temporary environmental effects examples

A

Illness that passes
Temporary nutritional deficiency

91
Q

Phenotypic model

A

P - mean = A+D+I+EP+ET

92
Q

If the phenotypic variance is large, observations lie ______ ___ the mean, and the mean provides ____ information about the population

A

Farther from
Less

93
Q

V(G) =

A

V(A) + V(D) + V(I)

94
Q

Correlation between repeated records on an individual

A

Repeatability

95
Q

Repeatability equation

A

V(G) + V(EP) / V(P)

96
Q

Heritability broad sense equation

A

V(G) / V(P)

97
Q

Heritability in narrow sense equation

A

V(A) / V(P)

98
Q

Indicates that repeated performance records an on animal are very much alike

A

High repeatability

99
Q

A method for separating total variation between observations into its component parts

A

ANOVA

100
Q

A measure of the size of the differences of the repeated observations within an individual group

A

Within-group variation

101
Q

A measure of the size of the differences between groups

A

Between-group variation

102
Q

The number of independent pieces of information on which the estimate is based

A

Degrees of freedom

103
Q

The value of repeated records is that they can

A

Reduce the variance of a mean

Smaller variances = more exact measurements

104
Q

When r>0, repeated records will influence the

A

Variance of a mean

105
Q

With a high repeatability, repeated measures do _____ to reduce the variance of the mean

A

Little

106
Q

A low repeatability has a _____ impact on reducing the variance of the mean

A

Large

107
Q

The percentage of phenotypic difference in the parent observed in the offspring

The proportion of the parents’ superiority or inferiority that is passed onto their offspring

A

Heritability

108
Q

Can be used for prediction
The regression of adduce or breeding value on phenotype

A

Heritability

109
Q

Heritability is the _____ limit of repeatability

A

Lower

breeding and genetics (1 decks)

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