Midterm

Question 1

First ethics violation of Tuskegee study

Answer 1

The participants were not treated respectfully. They were not told whether or not they had syphilis, were not informed about cures. They did not provide informed consent for their participation.

Question 2

Second ethics violation of Tuskegee study

Answer 2

The participants were harmed. In particular, they were not told about penicillin as a treatment for syphilis, which would have cured those who were infected. Some of the tests participants underwent were painful and potentially dangerous.

Question 3

Third ethics violation of Tuskegee study

Answer 3

The participants were a targeted, disadvantaged social group. The men in this study were African American and poor, but also there were all races and socioeconomic backgrounds were affected by syphilis at the time.

Question 4

The Belmont report

Answer 4

There are formal statements of ethics guidelines developed by organizations around the world.

Question 5

The principle of respect

Answer 5

entitled to informed consent and entitled to special protection in terms of informed consent

Question 6

The principle of beneficence

Answer 6

researchers need to take measures to protect participants from harm and to ensure their well-being.

Question 7

The principle of justice

Answer 7

Look at the balance between those who participate in the research and those who benefit from it.

Question 8

5 general APA Ethical principles

Answer 8

Guiding individual aspects of ethical behavior.

Question 9

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

Answer 9

treat people in ways that benefit them. Do not cause suffering. Conduct research that will benefit society

Question 10

Fidelity and responsibility

Answer 10

Establish relationships of trust; accept responsibility for professional behavior

Question 11

Integrity

Answer 11

strive to be accurate, truthful, and honest in one’s role as researcher, teacher, or practitioner

Question 12

Justice

Answer 12

Strive to treat all groups of people fairly. Be aware of biases

Question 13

Respect for people’s rights and dignity

Answer 13

Recognize that people autonomous agents. Protect people’s rights, including the right to privacy, the right to give consent for treatment or research. Understanding that some populations may be less able to give autonomous consent and take precautions against coercing such people.

Question 14

Debriefing

Answer 14

explain why deception was used and the nature of the deception. For example, the researchers have to tell them they are observing the reactions and they are not failed the test

Question 15

Data fabrication

Answer 15

Invent data that fit their hypothesis

Question 16

Data falsification

Answer 16

Selectively delete observations or influence participants to act in a particular way

Question 17

Plagiarism

Answer 17

Representing the words or ideas of others as their own

Question 18

IRB approval steps

Answer 18

1. review the Doctoral Leaner IRB Approval Requirement
2. get started with IRB and Video Tutorials
3. Complete CITI Training
4. Obtain Site Authorization from selected research site
5. determine review category- exempt, expedited or full review
6. create informed consent and recruiting documents
7. prepare IRB documents

Question 19

IRB

Answer 19

a committee responsible for interpreting ethical principles and ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically.

Question 20

Self-report measure

Answer 20

Operationalize a variable by recording people’s answers to questions about themselves in a questionnaire or interview

Question 21

Observational measures

Answer 21

(aka behavioral measures): Operationalize a variable by recording observable behaviors

Question 22

Physiological measure

Answer 22

operationalize a variable by recording biological data

Question 23

Categorical variables

Answer 23

(aka nominal variables): their levels are qualitatively distinct categories

Question 24

Quantitative variables

Answer 24

variables coded with meaningful numbers

Question 25

Ordinal scale

Answer 25

Ranked order

Question 26

Interval scale

Answer 26

Numerals represent equal distances between levels and there is no true zero

Question 27

Ratio scale

Answer 27

Numerals represent equal intervals and there is a true zero

Question 28

Test-retest reliability

Answer 28

Consistent scores every time the measure is used

Question 29

Interrater reliability

Answer 29

consistent scores no matter who does the measuring

Question 30

Internal reliability

Answer 30

(aka internal consistency): A participant provides a consistent pattern of responses, regardless of how the researcher has phrased the question

Question 31

Face validity

Answer 31

It looks like what you want to measure.

Question 32

Content validity

Answer 32

The measure contains all the parts that your theory says it should contain.

Question 33

Acquiescence

Answer 33

(yea-saying) is a type of response set in which people answer positively (yes, strongly agree, agree) to a number of items instead of looking at each item individually

Question 34

Fence sitting

Answer 34

by choosing the response in the middle of the scale for all items. This might involve providing a neutral response or responding

Question 35

response set

Answer 35

(aka nondifferentiation), which is a way of answering a number of questions in the same way

Question 36

Observer bias

Answer 36

When observers’ expectations influence their interpretations of participants’ behaviors or the outcome of the research.

Question 37

Observer effects

Answer 37

when observers change the behavior of the participants to match the observer’s expectations; also known as expectancy effects.

Question 38

Empirical methods

Answer 38

1. interoperability means multiple observers and compare results (make sure our data is irritable)
2. masked (blind) design: leave out the information about participants because they can give you the most accurate data
3. Codes/code books: quantitative data

Question 39

Empirical methods

Answer 39

1. interoperability means multiple observers and compare results (make sure our data is irritable)
2. masked (blind) design: leave out the information about participants because they can give you the most accurate data
3. Codes/code books: quantitative data

Question 40

Reactivity

Answer 40

when people change their behavior in some way when they know that someone else is watching them; to solve- blend in, wait it out, and measure the behavior’s results

Question 41

Population

Answer 41

entire set of people or things in which you are interested

Question 42

Sample

Answer 42

a smaller set of people or things that is taken from the population

Question 43

Census

Answer 43

If you sample every member of the population (for example, every college freshman currently enrolled at your college or university), then you are conducting a census.

Question 44

biased sample (unrepresentative sample)

Answer 44

not all members of a population have an equal probability of being included

Question 45

unbiased sample (representative sample)

Answer 45

all members of the population have an equal probability of being included

Question 46

convenience sampling

Answer 46

sampling only those individuals who are easiest to contact

Question 47

probability sampling

Answer 47

(also known as random sampling), in which every member of the population of interest has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. Cluster, multistage, stratified random, oversampling, and systematic.

Question 48

Purposive sampling

Answer 48

used when you want to stud certain kinds of people, so you only recruit those types of participants

Question 49

Snowball sampling

Answer 49

a variation on purposive sampling in which participants are asked to recommend other participants for the study

Question 50

Quota sampling

Answer 50

similar to stratified random sampling; the researcher identifies subsets of the population and then sets a target number