Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

First ethics violation of Tuskegee study

A

The participants were not treated respectfully. They were not told whether or not they had syphilis, were not informed about cures. They did not provide informed consent for their participation.

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2
Q

Second ethics violation of Tuskegee study

A

The participants were harmed. In particular, they were not told about penicillin as a treatment for syphilis, which would have cured those who were infected. Some of the tests participants underwent were painful and potentially dangerous.

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3
Q

Third ethics violation of Tuskegee study

A

The participants were a targeted, disadvantaged social group. The men in this study were African American and poor, but also there were all races and socioeconomic backgrounds were affected by syphilis at the time.

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4
Q

The Belmont report

A

There are formal statements of ethics guidelines developed by organizations around the world.

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5
Q

The principle of respect

A

entitled to informed consent and entitled to special protection in terms of informed consent

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6
Q

The principle of beneficence

A

researchers need to take measures to protect participants from harm and to ensure their well-being.

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7
Q

The principle of justice

A

Look at the balance between those who participate in the research and those who benefit from it.

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8
Q

5 general APA Ethical principles

A

Guiding individual aspects of ethical behavior.

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9
Q

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

A

treat people in ways that benefit them. Do not cause suffering. Conduct research that will benefit society

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10
Q

Fidelity and responsibility

A

Establish relationships of trust; accept responsibility for professional behavior

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11
Q

Integrity

A

strive to be accurate, truthful, and honest in one’s role as researcher, teacher, or practitioner

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12
Q

Justice

A

Strive to treat all groups of people fairly. Be aware of biases

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13
Q

Respect for people’s rights and dignity

A

Recognize that people autonomous agents. Protect people’s rights, including the right to privacy, the right to give consent for treatment or research. Understanding that some populations may be less able to give autonomous consent and take precautions against coercing such people.

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14
Q

Debriefing

A

explain why deception was used and the nature of the deception. For example, the researchers have to tell them they are observing the reactions and they are not failed the test

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15
Q

Data fabrication

A

Invent data that fit their hypothesis

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16
Q

Data falsification

A

Selectively delete observations or influence participants to act in a particular way

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17
Q

Plagiarism

A

Representing the words or ideas of others as their own

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18
Q

IRB approval steps

A
  1. review the Doctoral Leaner IRB Approval Requirement
  2. get started with IRB and Video Tutorials
  3. Complete CITI Training
  4. Obtain Site Authorization from selected research site
  5. determine review category- exempt, expedited or full review
  6. create informed consent and recruiting documents
  7. prepare IRB documents
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19
Q

IRB

A

a committee responsible for interpreting ethical principles and ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically.

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20
Q

Self-report measure

A

Operationalize a variable by recording people’s answers to questions about themselves in a questionnaire or interview

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21
Q

Observational measures

A

(aka behavioral measures): Operationalize a variable by recording observable behaviors

22
Q

Physiological measure

A

operationalize a variable by recording biological data

23
Q

Categorical variables

A

(aka nominal variables): their levels are qualitatively distinct categories

24
Q

Quantitative variables

A

variables coded with meaningful numbers

25
Ordinal scale
Ranked order
26
Interval scale
Numerals represent equal distances between levels and there is no true zero
27
Ratio scale
Numerals represent equal intervals and there is a true zero
28
Test-retest reliability
Consistent scores every time the measure is used
29
Interrater reliability
consistent scores no matter who does the measuring
30
Internal reliability
(aka internal consistency): A participant provides a consistent pattern of responses, regardless of how the researcher has phrased the question
31
Face validity
It looks like what you want to measure.
32
Content validity
The measure contains all the parts that your theory says it should contain.
33
Acquiescence
(yea-saying) is a type of response set in which people answer positively (yes, strongly agree, agree) to a number of items instead of looking at each item individually
34
Fence sitting
by choosing the response in the middle of the scale for all items. This might involve providing a neutral response or responding
35
response set
(aka nondifferentiation), which is a way of answering a number of questions in the same way
36
Observer bias
When observers’ expectations influence their interpretations of participants’ behaviors or the outcome of the research.
37
Observer effects
when observers change the behavior of the participants to match the observer’s expectations; also known as expectancy effects.
38
Empirical methods
1. interoperability means multiple observers and compare results (make sure our data is irritable) 2. masked (blind) design: leave out the information about participants because they can give you the most accurate data 3. Codes/code books: quantitative data
39
Empirical methods
1. interoperability means multiple observers and compare results (make sure our data is irritable) 2. masked (blind) design: leave out the information about participants because they can give you the most accurate data 3. Codes/code books: quantitative data
40
Reactivity
when people change their behavior in some way when they know that someone else is watching them; to solve- blend in, wait it out, and measure the behavior's results
41
Population
entire set of people or things in which you are interested
42
Sample
a smaller set of people or things that is taken from the population
43
Census
If you sample every member of the population (for example, every college freshman currently enrolled at your college or university), then you are conducting a census.
44
biased sample (unrepresentative sample)
not all members of a population have an equal probability of being included
45
unbiased sample (representative sample)
all members of the population have an equal probability of being included
46
convenience sampling
sampling only those individuals who are easiest to contact
47
probability sampling
(also known as random sampling), in which every member of the population of interest has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. Cluster, multistage, stratified random, oversampling, and systematic.
48
Purposive sampling
used when you want to stud certain kinds of people, so you only recruit those types of participants
49
Snowball sampling
a variation on purposive sampling in which participants are asked to recommend other participants for the study
50
Quota sampling
similar to stratified random sampling; the researcher identifies subsets of the population and then sets a target number